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pycnogenol3

碧蘿芷Pycnogenol的基本特性—抗發炎

Anti-inflammatoryaction,abasicpropertyofPycnogenol

P.Rohdewald

1Pycnogenol,Frenchmaritimepinebarkextract,（HorphagResearchSalesLtd.）

Inflammationmaystartineverypartofourbody.Anytimewhentheworddescribingadiseaseendswith-itis,itsaninflammatorydisease:

adermatitismeansaninflammationoftheskin,anarthritisaninflammationofjoints,anothitisaninflammationoftheear.Theseinflammationsareacute,painfuldiseases.However,inflammationatalower,butchroniclevelaccompanyingmanydiseasesisnotregisteredasaninflammationinthemindofthenormalpatient,heisnotthatinformedthatasthma,allergies,cancerandmanyotherdiseasesareassociatedwithinflammatoryprocesses.

Somecellsofthehumanbody,actingasourdefensivearmy,fightinvadingbacteriaandviruseswithchemicalweapons,causinginflammation.Theyalsomaydestroycancercellsbyattackingthesecellswithadeadlycocktailofsubstancesactingwithinashortdistance.Suchinflammatoryreactionsareinprinciplegoodforourbody,however,iftheseinflammatoryprocessesgetoutofcontrol,resultcouldbeachronicdisease,asasthma,thechronicinflammationofthelung,oravirulentinflammationforexampleoftheteeth,producingaverypainfulinflammation.

Pycnogenol,theveryspecialextractfromtheFrenchmaritimepinebark,isabroadacting,versatileweaponagainstinflammatoryprocesses.

TheconstituentsofPycnogenolinterfereonmanyimportantstrategicpointstocontrolinflammation.

Thearsenalofinflammatorysubstancesproducedinourbodyisimpressing:

Itreachesfromverysmallfreeradicalsuptoacollectionofproteinstriggeringpain,swellings,reddeningandheat:

thesymptomsthatcoinedtheword"inflammation".

InactivationoffreeradicalsproducedduringinflammationbyPycnogenol

Firstofall,Pycnogenolactivatesourcellstoproducemoreantioxidativeenzymes,suchassuperoxidedismutasetherebydoublingtheamountofantioxidativedefenseproducts（Bayetaetal.,2000;Maritimetal.,2003）.Pycnogenol,circulatinginthebloodstream,inactivatesfreeradicalsalsodirectlyasasecondlineofdefense.BloodofvolunteershasahigheractivityinscavengingfreeradicalsafterintakeofPycnogenolcomparedtotestbeginFig.1（Devarajetal.,2002）.

Alsodiseasescausedbyaderegulationoftheimmunesystemcancauseinflammatoryprocesses,asforexampleintheauto-immunediseaselupuserythematosus.IntakeofPycnogenolcoulddown-regulatetheproductionoffreeoxygenradicalsfrominflammatorycellswhichcontributetoapersistentchronicinflammation（Stefanescuetal.,2001）.

ExpositiontofreeradicalsleadstodamageofourDNA.Pycnogenol,byinactivatingthefreeradicals,protectsDNAinthetesttube（Nelsonetal.,1998）aswellasinhyperactivechildrenexposedtooxidativestress（Durackovaetal.,2004）.DegradationproductsofDNAinurine,indicatingthefreeradical-induceddamage,arefoundinloweramountswhenchildrentookPycnogenolFig.2.

Protectionagainstprotein-destroyingenzymesduringinflammationwithPycnogenol

Acocktailofenzymescalledproteinasesissecretedduringinflammationtobreakdownthecellularwallsofinvadingmicroorganismorforeigncells.Theseenzymesattackspecificallycollagenorelastin,whichareimportantproteinsforstabilityofourtissue.Anover-productionofproteinasesinchronicinflammationcausesdestructionofourbodysowntissueandhastobestopped.Pycnogenolinhibitstheactivityoftheseenzymesandblocksalsothereleaseoftheseproteasesfrominflammatorycells（Grimmetal.,2004）Fig.3.

BlockingofinflammatorymediatorswithPycnogenol

Anotherkindofinflammatorysubstancesarederivatesfromarachidonicacid.Thromboxane,prostaglandinsandleukotrienesbelongtothisgroup,possessingveryunpleasantproperties.Someprostaglandinsmayproducepain,theyaremostprobablyinvolvedinpre-menstrualpain.

ItcouldbedemonstratedthatPycnogenolisabletoreducepainanduseofanalgesicsinpatientscomplainingfrompre-menstrualpainandendometriosis（KohamaandSuzuki,1999,Kohamaetal.,2004）.

Thromboxaneisalsogeneratedfromarachidonicacidinthebody.Itcausesconstrictionofbronchiandbloodvesselsandproducesclumpingofbloodplatelets,whichcontributestoatherosclerosis.IntakeofPycnogenollowersconcentrationsofthromboxaneinbloodofhypertensivepatients,thusprotectingthebloodvesselsagainstthedeleteriouseffectsofthromboxane（Hosseinietal.,2001A）.

Leukotrienesareinflammatorysubstancesproducedduringallergicreactionsorchronicinflammationinthelung.Theyarecausingastrongbronchoconstriction,therebyinitiatingasthmaticattacks.ThesupplementationofadultasthmaticpatientswithPycnogenolcouldlowernotonlytheleukotrieneconcentrations,but,improvedlungfunctionanddecreasedasthmasymptoms（Hosseinietal.,2001B）Fig.4.

Alsoinchildren,supplementationwithPycnogenolreducedsignificantlyleukotrieneconcentrationscomparedtoplaceboFig.5.Someoftheasthmaticchildrenbecamesymptom-free,theyneededlessmedicationbesidePycnogenolandtheirlungfunctionimprovedcontinuously（Lauetal.,2004）.

Outlook

BecauseinflammationisinvolvedinsomanypathologicalprocessesonecanexpectthatPycnogenolwilldemonstrateanti-inflammatoryeffectsinawiderangeofotherdiseases.Itshouldhelpthebodytofindthebalancebetweenaneffectivedefenseagainstinvaders,re-enforcingitsimmune-system（Liuetal.,1998）,andanelevated,dangerousorpathologicstateofoverreactinginflammatorycells.

Anyinflammationisconsideredtodayasprocessstimulatingatherosclerosisand,inlastconsequence,cardiovasculardiseases.

Hypothetically,asteadyintakeofanti-inflammatorysubstancesshouldprotectagainstcardiovasculareventssuchasheartinfarctionorstroke.Thereiscertainbodyofevidencefromepidemiologicalstudiesthatriskofcardiovasculardiseaseislowerthemoreanti-inflammatorymedicationhasbeenusedduringthewholelife.Inthatcontext,supplementationwithPycnogenolmaycontributetoourcardiovascularhealth,additionaltoitsactionsagainstaspecificinflammationofacertainorgan,asforexampleskinorlung.

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193-199,2003.

3.DevarajS,Vega-LópezS,KaulN,SchönlauF,RohdewaldP,JialalI.Supplementationwithapinebarkextractrichinpolyphenolsincreasesplasmaantioxidantcapacityandalterstheplasmalipoproteinprofile.Lipids37:

931-934,2002.

4.StefanescuM,MatacheC,OnuA,TanaseanuS,DragomirC,ConstantinescuI,SchönlauF,RohdewaldP,SzegliG.Pycnogenol®efficacyinthetreatmentofsystemicLupuserythematosuspatients.PhytotherRes15:

698-704,2001.

5.DurackovaZ,MuchovaJ,SivonovaM,ChovanovaZ,HauserovaM,BlazicekP,TrebatickaJandRohdewaldP.Oxidativestressinpathophysiologyofattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderanditsinfluencebyapolyphenolicnaturalextract,Pycnogenol.2004inPolyphenolsCommunications2004,HoikkalaAandSoidinsaloO.Edts,HummerusPrinting,JyväskyläFinlandp.177-178.

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13.Saliou

Fig.1Increaseofantioxidativecapacityofbloodduringsupplementation

withPycnogenolcomparedtopre-treatmentandpost-treatmentperiod（Devarajetal.）

Fig.2LoweredexcretionofdegradationproductofDNAinurineofchildrensufferingfromAttentionDeficitHyperactivitydisorderaftersupplementationwithPycnogenol（Durackovaetal.）

Fig.3OralintakeofPycnogenolprotectsskinagainstUV-radiation.HigherUV-dosesarenecessarytoproducereddeningoftheskin（erythemadose）（Saliouetal.）

Fig.4Decreasedleukotriene-levels-andincreasedlungfunction（FEV1）inasthmaticchildrenfollowingsupplementationwithPycnogenol（Lauetal.）