科技英语与论文写作.docx

科技英语与论文写作.docx

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科技英语与论文写作

JIANGSUUNIVERSITY

课程结业作业

科技英语与论文写作

学院名称：

机械工程学院

专业班级：

研1402

学生姓名：

XX

学生学号：

XXX

任课教师姓名：

XX

2015年5月

XX

研机械工程学硕1402

No.S1403062

Exam1

DescribetheprocessofsubmittingyourpapertotheEnglishJournalwiththeillustrationforeachstep.

（1）Createyournewaccount

（2）ConfirmnewaccountbyQQmail

（3）Loginyouraccount

（4）Registration

（5）Submitnewmanuscript

Exam2

EnvironmentalpollutionwiththeChinesecommoncancertrends

Dingrui

JiangsuUniversity

e-mail:

569946564@

Abstract:

Intheprocessofcanceroccurrenceanddevelopment,morethan70%ofthecarcinogensandpromotersareassociatedwithenvironmentalpollutionorhumanbehaviors.Arsenic,asbestos,benzene,smoking,air-pollution,etc.havebeenclassifiedbyIARCasenvironmentalpollutantsthatarecarcinogenictohuman.ResearchforcancerinChinashowsthatfoodcontaminatedbyfungusorinfectedbyhumanoccupationalexposuretoairpollutedbyradon,andexposuretoindoorairpollutedbyburningsmokycoalarecausesofcancers.Thecurrentstudyreviewstheenvironmentalpollution,theepidemicofcancersofesophagus,stomach,liver,cervixuteri,lung,andtheirtypicalcasestoprovidescientificreferencesforworkingoncancerprevention.

Keywords:

environmentpollution;cancer;epidemiology

1Introduction

Environmentalpollutionisaproblemintoday'ssocialattention.AccordingtothestateenvironmentalprotectiondepartmentoftheChinaenvironmentbulletin,2012,China'sYellowRiverbasin,huaiheriverandliaoriversectionofbadVkindofwaterqualitydetectionrateofmorethan10%,classI~IIIwaterqualitydetectionrateof60%,47%,44%respectively[1].Thenationalkeyenvironmentalprotectioncitiesatmosphericenvironmentalairqualitysuccessrateis23.9%;Atmosphericparticulatematterintheannualaverageconcentrationofl7citieswhichis57.2%;KeyenvironmentalprotectioncitieswhichNO2annualaverageconcentrationof27.4%.TheabovedatashowsthatChina'satmosphericair,andwaterenvironmentalpollutionmakespeopleworry.However,theconventionalmonitoringdataisnotthatthepollutionoftheenvironmentwithChineseresidentsincancer.InthisbriefreviewaboutthepollutionoftheenvironmentandcommontypesofcancerthatpopulartrendresearchinChina.

2Environmentalcontaminantsandhumancarcinogen

Intheprocessofcanceroccurrenceanddevelopment,morethan70%ofallcancerandpromotecancerfactorscloselyrelatedtoenvironmentalpollutionandhumanbehavior.Carcinogenicsubstanceofenvironmentalpollutionisoneoftheimportantreasonsfortheincreaseincancer.Environmentalpollutantscancausecancerinhumansthroughair,waterandsoilpollutiontotheenvironment,carcinogenicpartswidely,includinglung,throat,ovarian,breast,skin,bladder,nosepharynx,kidneyandhematopoieticsystem,etc.Theworldhealthorganization（who）internationalcancerresearchcenterintheworldcancerreport2014,liststhe18typesofenvironmentalpollutantscausecancerinhumans,asbestos,arsenicanditsinorganiccompoundssuchasbenzene,1,3-butadiene,hexavalentchromiumcompounds,suchasdieselexhaust（table1）[2]

Table1EnvironmentalpollutantsclassifiedbyIARCas

group1,carcinogenictohumans

Nameofcarcinogen

Carcinogenicparts/cancer

Themainpollutionoftheenvironment

Arsenicandinorganic

Asbestos（allkinds）

benzene

1,3-butadiene

Chromiumcompound（6）

Dieselexhaust

erionite

Epoxyethane

formaldehyde

Familycoal（indoorrow

Putthings）

Outdoorairpollution

Outdoorsuspendedparticlesfouling

Withtheair

Polychlorinatedbiphenyls（PCBS）

Radonanditsdecay

Crystallinesilicadust

2,3,7,8-fourchlorine

Benzene-to-secondevil

（TCDD）

Tobaccosmokingandsecondhandsmoke

trichloroethylene

Lung,skin,bladder

Throat,lungs,mesothelioma,ovaries

Acutelymphoblasticleukemia

Leukemia,lymphoma

lung

lung

mesothelioma

Mammarygland,lymphatictumour

Nasopharyngealcarcinoma,leukemia

lung

lung

lung

Theskin

lung

lung

Allcancercombinations

lung

renal

water

air

Airemission（engine）

air

Waterandsoil

Airemission（engine）

Air（local）only

Air（indoor）

Air（indoorandoutdoor）

Air（indoor）

air

air

Food,air（indoor）

Air（indoor）

Air

Food,soil

Air（indoor）

Water,food,

3ThepopulartrendofChinesecommontypesofcancer

China'spopulationofcancerincidenceintherapidriseinrecent40years,cancerspectrumisalsochanging.Inthe1970s,China's850millionpeopleinthecauseofdeathreviewindicatesthatallpartsofChinahavecancer,thecauseofdeathinthethirdnationalcancerdeaths,10.1%ofalldeaths,thetop10cancerdeathswasfollowedbygastriccancer,esophaguscancer,livercancer,cervicalcancer,lungcancer,colorectalcancer,leukemia,nasopharyngealcarcinoma,breastcancer,brainandcentralnervoussystemtumors[3].Eachpartoftheregionaldifferfromthatofdeathlevelanddistributionofcancer.Somecommontypesofcancerinthelowlevelofeconomy,thelivingenvironment,diet,healthandnutritionalstatusofrelativelypoorareasmoresee.Inareaspronetocancerofthefood,water,soil,bodyfluidsamples,usuallyenvironmentpollutingcarcinogensdetectionrateandlowlevelhigherthanthatofcancerarea.Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,China'sthirdnationalcauseofsamplingsurvey,thesamplearearesidentscancerdeathsisthecauseofdeathinthesecondplace,22.3%ofalldeaths,thetop10cancerdeaths,inturn,islungcancer,livercancer,gastriccancer,esophagealcancer,colorectalcancer,leukemia,brainandcentralnervoussystemtumors,femalebreastcancer,andpancreaticcancerandmultiplemyeloma[4].

4EnvironmentalpollutionandinfectionofpathogenicmicroorganismsandtheChinesepartofthecommontypesofcancer

4.1Esophagealcancer

Esophagealcancerissecondinthemid1970sChinacancerdeath,deathrateof23.4/10（31.7/10men,womenof15.9/10）,higherleveloftheworld.Henan,hebei,shanxi,sichuan,jiangsu,fujian,guangdong,xinjiangandotherprovincesandautonomousregionshaveahighincidenceofesophagealcancerin[3]intheregion.HenanlinzhoucityinChina,esophagealcancermortalityaccountedfor60%ofcancerdeathsinthe1970s,esophagealcancermortalityinbothmenandwomenarerespectively7.1timesand9.5timesofthecountry.Internationalcancerresearchhasclearlysmoking,drinkingalcoholisoneoftheimportantriskfactors[2]happenesophagealcancer.ThecauseofesophagealcancerinChina,inadditiontosmokinganddrinking,somechemicalcarcinogens,suchasnitrosamine,mycotoxins,traceelementsandnutritionimbalance,geneticsusceptibilityandesophagealepitheliallesions,animportantroleinoccurrenceanddevelopmentofesophagus[7].

4.2Cancerofthestomach

Gastriccanceristhefirstcancerdeathinthe1970s,themortalityrateof23.9/10（male32.4/10,femaleof15.9/10）,higherleveloftheworld[3].Theoccurrenceofgastriccancer,besidesofsomeofthesameriskfactorswithesophagealpathogenicmicroorganisminfectionisalsoanimportantreason.Studieshaveshownthatgastriccancerinpatientswithhelicobacterpylori（HP）infectionratesashighas94%.GastriccancerhighincidencepopulationHPinfectionrateishigh,theHPantibodypositivepopulationriskofdevelopinggastriccancerwashigherthanthenegative.Carcinogenicmechanism,HPinfectioncausedbyinflammation,injury,inflammation,freeradicals,superoxidegenerationincreases,causecellperoxidationdamage,produceavarietyofenzymesandtoxincellDNAdamagecausedbydirecteffect,andreducethegastricacidsecretion,gastriccavitypHvalueincreases,forbacterialandfungalreproductivegrowth,thenitritewithN-nitrosocompoundandotherimportantcarcinogenssynthesisinthestomach.HPpersistentinfectioningastricmucosametabolicchanges,graduallypromotethegastricepithelialhyperplasia,intestinalmetaplasiaandatypicalhyperplasiathatturnintocancer.

Henanlinzhougastriccancerincidenceofadiseasealsobelongtoahigherlevelthroughoutthecountry.1988-Linzhoucitygastriccancerincidenceandmortalityin2007,showedatrendofgradualdecline（figure1）,Linzhoucityofesophagealcancerincidenceandmortalitycomparedwithsimilarchanges[9].InLinIngastriccancerincidenceandmortalityfromallreducedto60.3/79.1/10and59.7/10.10and43.6/10,reducedthe18.8/10and16.1/10,declines24%and27%.

Fig.1IncidenceandmortalityofstomachcancerinLinzhoucity,1988-2007

3.3livercancer

Livercanceristhethirdcancerdeathsinthe1970s,themortalityrateof14.0/10（20.2/10men;womenof8.1/10）,higherleveloftheworld[3].LivercancerisacommoncancerChinaeastChinaarea.Qidongcity,jiangsuprovinceofChinaoneofthehighincidenceoflivercancer,researchshowsthatseparatesthelivercancerandaflatoxincontaminationoffood,spreadofhepatitisbandcarcinogenicsubstancespollutedwater.Qidongregionandducklivercancerratesarehigh,itsetiologymaybesimilarto[8].

4.4Cervicalcancer

CervicalcancerisoneofthemostcommoncanceroftheChinesewomeninthe1970s,cervicalcanceraccountsforChina'sfemalecancerthefirstcauseofdeath,mortalityrateof14.6/10,21%ofthefemalecancerdeath[3],ahighleveloftheworld.Pathogenicmicroorganismsreferstoinfringementofthehost,thehostinfectionorinfectiousorganisms.Pathogenicmicroorganismshasimportanteffecttocervicalcancerincidence,closerrelationshipwithcervicalcancerincidenceismainlyviruses,includingthehumanpapillomavirus（HPV）,he