Writing Notes.docx

Writing Notes.docx

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WritingNotes

WritingNotes

1.Whenwritinganassaythatneedsyouchooseasidewhileopposetheotherside:

Selectthestrongestpointsforyourideaaswellastheopposition'sstrongestclaims.Atthisstage,youmayfindithelpfultoputyourdraftedthesisinan"although-because"statement,soyoucanclearlyseebothyouropposition'sargumentsandyourown.

PatternA:

Thesis

Bodyparagraph1:

youpresentyourfirstpointanditssupportingevidence

Bodyparagraph2:

youpresentyoursecondpointanditssupportingevidence

Bodyparagraph3:

yourefuteyouropposition'spoint

Conclusion

PatternB:

Thesis

Bodyparagraph1:

yourefuteyouropposition'spoint

Bodyparagraph2:

youpresentyourfirstpointanditssupportingevidence

Bodyparagraph3:

youpresentyoursecondpointanditssupportingevidence

Conclusion

Argueyourideaslogically.Toconvinceyourreaders,youmustprovidesufficientreasonsforyourposition.Youmustgivemorethanmereopinion-----youmustofferlogicalargumentstobackupyourassertions.Someofthepossiblewaysofsupportingyourideasshouldalreadybefamiliartoyoufromwritingexpositoryessays;listedheretoyourunderstandingofthelecture:

1）Giveexamples（realorhypothetical）

2）Presentacomparisonorcontrast

3）Showacause-and-effectrelationship（......means........;leadto......）

4）Arguebydefinition（......isn't.........）

Model:

Despite...........（上述两端支持的观点的总结），.............（反方已然支持他的观点，说出反方理由）。

指出他的错误并论述。

Model:

Thesis与Conclusion可采取同一模式：

反方观点的实例，反对并提出自己观点，给出理由。

2..Eliminatingwords（在最后写完检查是否有啰嗦的句子时候用得到）

1）Eliminatingwordsthatexplaintheobviousorprovideexcessivedetail

Alwaysconsiderreaderswhiledraftingandrevisingwriting.Ifpassageexplainordescribedetailsthatwouldalreadybeobvioustoreaders,deleteorrewordthem.Readersarealsoveryadaptatfillinginthenon-essentialaspectsofanarrative,asinthefollowexample:

Wordy：

Ireceivedyourinquirythatyouwroteabouttennisracketsyesterday,andreaditthoroughly.Yes,wedohave.....（19words）

Concise:

Ireceivedyourinquiryabouttennisracketsyesterday.Yes,wedohave.....（12words）

2）Eliminateunnecessarydeterminersandmodifiers

Writerssometimesuseextrawordsorphrasesthatseemtomodifythemeaningofanounbutdon'tactuallyaddtothemeaningofthesentence.Althoughsuchwordsandphrasescanbemeaningfulintheappropriatecontext,theyareoftenusedas"filler"andcaneasilybeeliminated.

Wordy:

BalancingthebudgetbyFridayisanimpossibilitywithoutsomekindofextrahelp.（14words）

Concise:

BalancingthebudgetbyFridayisimpossiblewithoutextrahelp.（10words）

Here'salistofsomewordsandphrasesthatcanoftenbeprunedawaytomakesentencesclearer:

●Kindof

●Sortof

●Typeof

●Really

●Basically

●Forallintentsandpurposes

●Definitely

●Actually

●Generally

●Individual

●Specific

●Particular

3）Omitrepetitivewording

●Madeadiscovery-------Discovered

●Madeadecision-------Decided

●Ithoughtinmyhead/Ithoughttomyself-------Ithought

4）OmitRedundantCategories

Specificwordsimplytheirgeneralcategories,soweusuallydon'thavetostateboth

●Largeinsize

●Oftentimes

●Ofabrightcolor

●Heavyinweight

●Periodintime

●Roundinshape

●Atanearlytime

●Economicsfield

●Ofcheapquality

●Honestincharacter

●Ofanuncertaincondition

●Inaconfusedstate

●Unusualinnature

●Extremeindegree

●Ofastrangetype

3.Somephrasesfromthosegoodessays:

Put......onhold=stopdoingsth

Checkout=observe

Awholelot=alot

Asmilecanlightupyourfaceandmakeyoumoreapproachable

Pickupon=find,discover

Pullsthoff=solvethisproblem

Takethespotlight=bethemostattractive

Graveimportance=veryandseriouslyimportant

Hence

Schoolis,amongotherthins,aplaceofcompetition,asstudentsvieforthebestacademicrecordstosendtoprospectiveemployers,graduateandprofessionalschools,andinsomecases,payingparents.

4.Commonillogicalarguments

1）Thewriterwhohavetheargumentoninsufficientorunrepresentativeevidence

Forexample:

Ifyouinterviewonlycampusathletesandthendeclare,"Universitystudentsfavoranewstadium."Whatabouttheopinionsofthestudentswhoaren'tathletes?

Inotherwords,whenthegeneralizationisdrawnfromasamplethatistoosmallorselect,yourconclusionisn'tvalid.（这段话其实也是一个很好的写作模式，一句综述，举个例子，用inotherwords连接最后一句话概括，最后一句概括要说出导致的结果）

2）Thewriter'sconclusionisnotnecessarilyalogicalresultofthefacts.Forexample,whenyouconcludebysaying,"ProfessorJonesisafamoushistorian,sohewillbeabrillianthistoryteacher."Asyoumayhaverealizedbynow,justbecausesomeoneknowsasubjectwelldoesnotautomaticallymeanthatheorshecancommunicatetheinformationclearly;hence,theconclusionisnotnecessarilyvalid..

3）Thewriterpresentsastruthwhatissupposedtobeprovenbytheargument.

4）Thewriterintroducesanirrelevantpointtodivertthereaders'attentionfromthemainissue.

5）Thewriterattackstheopponent'scharacterratherthantheopponent'sargument.Thestatement"Dr.Bloomcan'tbeacompetentmarriagecounsellorbecauseshe'sbeendivorced"maynotbevalid.Bloom'sadvicetoherclientsmaybeexcellentregardlessofherownmartialstatus.

6）Thewriterevadestheissuesbyappealingtoreaders'emotionalreactionstocertainsubjects.Froexample,insteadofarguingthefactsofanissue,awritermightplayonthereaders'negativeresponsetosuchwordsas"totalitarianism,"or"radical"andtheirpositiveresponsetowordslike"God,""country,"or"liberty."Inthestatement"IfyouareatrueAmerican,youwillvoteagainsttheproposalonflagburning,"thewriteravoidsanydiscussionofthemeritsorweaknessesofthebillandmerelysubstitutesanemotionalappeal

7）Thewriterusesanabstractconceptasifitwereaconcretereality.Alwaysbesuspiciousofawriterwhofrequentlyreliesonstatementsbeginning"Historyhasalwaystaughtus..."or"Sciencehasproven..."or"Researchhasdiscovered..."Theimplicationineachcaseisthathistoryorscience（oranyotherdiscipline）hasonlyonevoice,oneopinion.Onthecontrary,"history"iswrittenbyamultitudeofhistorianswhoholdavarietyofopinions;doctorsandscientistsalsofrequentlydisagree.Insteadofgeneralizingaboutaparticularfield,quotearespectedauthorityorsimplyqualifyyourstatementbyreferringto"many"or"some"scientists,historians,orotherprofessionals.

8）Thewritertriestovalidateapointbyintimatingthat"everyoneelsebelievesinthis."Suchatacticevadesdiscussionoftheissueitself.Advertisingoftenusesthistechnique:

"EveryonewhodemandsrealtasteeatsMcDonaldBigMacs";"DiscriminatingwomenuseSmacky-Mouthlipstick."

5.atermorphrasesynonymous

Harmonious=amiable,congenial,compatibleinevitable-----indispensable

Broadenmyhorizon=extendmysightexplain-----interpret/illustrate

Colorful=sparklingobvious----conspicuous

Toacertaindegree=tosomepointshurt-----vulnerable

Measures=stepuse-----employ/utilize

Measurestaken=effortscomeoutvalue-----merit（价值）

Givemoreandmoreattentionto=morefocusonprovide-----offer

Energeticadj.=gumptionn.True------accurate

Seldom=rarely,scarcelyleadto------contributeto/conduceto/resultto

Phenomenon=appearancemoreandmore-----increasing/growing

Nowadays=atpresent;hereandnowhardly-----merely-----barely

Through-----intermsof/viawell-known-----outstanding

Operate-----manipulateemphasis-----accentuate

Offspring-----descendentdevoteto-----dedicateto

Character-----trait/individuality/personalityexpect-----anticipate

Agreepartly------agreewithreservewantto-----desire

Bigcity-----metropolislawmaking-----legislation

First-----primarilyinfact-----actually/virtually

Want-----intendto/tendto/beinclinedtotosum-----tosummarize/inconclusion

Handin-----renderabsorb----assimilate

Consider----takeintoaccountundermine-----sap/enervate/debilitate

Limit-----hinder/hamperchoice-alternative

Bias-----prejudice/discriminate/（v.）/tendency（趋势）publicize-----propagandize

Sway------vacillate（犹豫，踌躇）persuasive-----convincing

6.Papercriteria

Finalpapercriteria

Points（1-10）

Openingcatchesreader'sinterest（5pts）

Thesisstatestopicsandthemainidea.（5pts）

Paragraphsincludetopicsentence/transitionsentencewhichdrawsfrominformationinpreviousparagraph/sentences

Specificexamplesareusedtosupportideas.

Wordingandideasarefreshandinteresting.

Correctandappropriatevocabularyusage

Grammar/Spelling/Punctuation

BodyParagraphsefficientlysupportthethesisstatementormainideaofanessay

AppropriateLength（400+words）

FINALSCOREoutof80

7.Tipsonwritingagoodintro/body/conclusionprocessessay

1）Don'twriteaboutsomethingthatistoocomplicated.

2）Don'ttrytowriteabriefprocessessayaboutsomethingthatneedsaninstructionmanual.

3）Don'twriteaboutsomethingthatneedstobeaccompaniedbyvisualaids.

4）Limitthenumberingofstepsinyouressayincludingusingwordslike"secondly,""thirdly,"etc

5）Considermentioningtheconsequencesofgoingornotgoingbyacertainstepinyourprocessessay.（ex.Whatwillhappenifyoudo/donoteatagoodbreakfastbeforeclass）

6）Asyouwriteyouressay,bewatchfulofyourpronouns.

P.S.Sinceaprocesspaperinvolvesdescribingsteps,youwilluseagreatdealoftransitionalphrases.Exampleoftransitionalphrasesinclude:

●Afterafewhours

●Immediatelyfollowing

●Afterwards

●Initially

●Intheend

●Atlast

●Atthesametime

●Inthefuture

●Before

●Inthemeantime

●Beforethis

●During

●Later

●Finally

●First,second,third

●Next,soon,after

8.Afinalchecklistforyouressay

Afteryouhavewrittenaneffe