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历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
0308托福试题
阅读(55minutes)
Question1-11
Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterial
isexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothese
bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?
Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth
century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous
(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving
matter.
ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructures
presentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid
(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.After
theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad
trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteur
foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom
0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive
(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvarious
othermicrobialcells.
Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould
notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated
fromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthat
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thesebodiesareconstantly
(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.
Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedto
boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor
spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway
(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair
couldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.
1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.
(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.
(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.
(d)Pasteur’sargumentnstagaithetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.
2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof
(b)developinginto
(c)resistantto
(d)hurtby
3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?
(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?
(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?
(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?
(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?
4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(a)benefitfrom
(b)appearsimilarto
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(c)jointogetherwith
(d)growfrom
5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis
(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether
6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused
(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected
7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed
(b)doubted
(c)persuaded
(d)suggested
8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere
(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms
(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare
(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether
9.Theword“it”inline22refersto
(a)anutrientsolution
(b)aglassflask
(c)boiling
(d)spontaneousgeneration
10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?
(a)Asealedcontainer
(b)Freshair
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(c)Heat
(d)Thepresenceofnutrients
11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto
(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair
Questions12-20
IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer
associety’heros.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,which
endedin1865,wastheageof
(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlyby
ThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagood
society,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.And
virtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenets
ofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagriculture
asthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat
(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomic
enterprise.
Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand
(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,
governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagricultural
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products.
Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophers
hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome
(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprang
upthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsand
pureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.
Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.Farmers
streamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresponded
(25)lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescities
andindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecause
ofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.
12.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson
(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture
(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques
(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer
13.Theword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved
(b)relied
(c)demanded
(d)explained
14.TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asan
5
exampleof
(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution
(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques
(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety
(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment
15.Thephrase“subscribedto”incloslinest8inismeaningto
(a)contributedto
(b)agreedwith
(c)thoughtabout
(d)expandedon
16.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythe
informationinparagraph1?
(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’viewsof
agricultureandfarmers.
(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.
(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.
(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’seconomy.
17.Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT
(a)buildroads
(b)importnewplantvarieties
(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops
(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts
18.Allofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers’meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers
(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth
(c)plantingnewcrops
(d)becomingmorescientific
19.Theword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto
(a)predictable
(b)impressive
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(c)famous
(d)gradual
20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?
(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.
(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.
(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.
(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.
Question21-29
ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternof
soilregions.Ingeneral,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioning
into“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches
(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemical