戴炜栋语言学名词解释.docx

戴炜栋语言学名词解释.docx

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戴炜栋语言学名词解释

∙Chapter1:

Introduction

1.Linguistics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.generallinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.

3.appliedlinguistics:

theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

4.prescriptive:

Iflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,,itissaidtobeprescriptive.（i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldandshouldnotsay）.

5.descriptive:

Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.（09C）

6.synchronicstudy:

Thedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.（06C/04）

7.diachronicstudy:

It’sahistoricalstudyoflanguage,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.（06C）

8.langue:

Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

9.parole :

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

10.competence :

Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（08F/09C）

linguisticcompetence:

universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.competence有什么区别？

？

11.performance :

Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

12.language :

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

13.designfeatures :

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

14.arbitrariness:

Arbitrarinessreferstothereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.（08C）

15.productivity:

Languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyit’susers.

16.duality（doublearticulation）:

Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andhigherleverofmeaning.

17.displacement:

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.（regardlessoftimeorspace）（04）

18.culturaltransmission:

Thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofanylanguagesystemhavetobetaughtandlearned.（Languageisculturallytransmittedratherthanbyinstinct）.

19.Sociolinguistics:

thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.

20.Psycholinguistics:

thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehendingandproduction,aswellaslanguageacquisition.

municativecompetence:

theabilitytouselanguageappropriatelyinsocialsituations.

∙Chapter2:

Phonology

1.phonicmedium :

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationconstitutethephoneticmediumoflanguage.（andtheindividualsoundswithinthisrangearespeechsounds）

2.phonetics :

Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.（06C）

3.articulatoryphonetics :

Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.（03）

4.auditoryphonetics:

Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

5.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichthespeakerissues.

或者Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransimittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother）

6.voicing:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.

7.voiceless:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.

8.broadtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.

9.narrowtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.

10.diacritics:

Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

11.IPA:

shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.

12.aspiration:

Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.

13.mannerofarticulation :

Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.

14.placeofarticulation :

Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.

15.consonant:

aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.

16.vowel :

aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.

17.monophthong :

theindividualvowel.

18.diphthong :

Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowelsandareproducedbymovingonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.（08F）

19.phone:

Aphoneticunit,thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.

20.phoneme :

Anabstractphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue;it’srepresentedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.（06F/04）

或者Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds.

21.allophone :

thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenviromentsarecalledallophonesofthatphoneme（07C/05）

22.phonology :

Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsformpatternsandfunctiontodistinguishandconveymeaning.（06C）

23.phonemiccontrast :

twophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyformphonemiccontrast.

24.complementarydistribution :

allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.

25.minimalpair:

twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptfor

onesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameposition.

26.sequentialrules:

Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.

27.assimilationrule:

Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

28.deletionrule:

Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.

29.suprasegmentalfeatures:

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments（syllable,word,sentence）,includingstresstoneintonation.（08F）

30.tone:

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

31.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,they’recollectivelyknownasintonation.

32.nucleus:

Itreferstothemajorpitchchangeinanintonationunit.

32.minimalset:

soundcombinationswhichareidenticalinformexceptfortheinitialconsonanttogetherconstituteaminimalset.

∙Chapter3:

Morphology

1.morphology:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation.

2.openclass:

Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoitconstantly.（08C）

3.closedclass:

Agroupofwordswhosemembershipissmallanddoesnotreadilyacceptnewmembers,includingconjunctions,prepositions,pronouns.etc.

4.morpheme:

Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.

5.affix:

aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix.

6.suffix:

Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword.

7.prefix:

Theaffix,whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite.

8.boundmorpheme:

Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g.–ment.

9.freemorpheme:

amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.（07F）

10.derivationalmorpheme:

Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword.

11.inflectionalmorpheme:

Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.（butneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory）.（08F）

12.morphologicalrules:

Thewayswordsareformed.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.

13.compoundwords:

Acombinationoftwoormorewords,whichfunctionsasasinglewords

14.inflection:

themorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodificationtoindicatesuchgrammaticalcategoriesasnumuber,tenseorpluarity.（04）

15.Derivation:

Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

∙Chapter4:

Syntax

1.syntax:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

2.category:

Itreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.

3.syntacticcategories:

Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.

4.majorlexicalcategory:

onetypeofwordlevelcategories,whichoftenassumedtobetheheadsaroundwhichphrasesarebuilt,includingN,V,Adj,andPrep.

5.minorlexicalcategory:

onetypeofwordlevelcategories,whichhelpsormodifiesmajorlexicalcategory.

6.phrase:

syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase,thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.

7.phrasecategory:

thephrasethatisformedbycombiningwithwordsofdifferentcategories.（InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesare