纪念伟大的哲学家胡塞尔舍斯托夫.docx

纪念伟大的哲学家胡塞尔舍斯托夫.docx

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纪念伟大的哲学家胡塞尔舍斯托夫

纪念伟大的哲学家胡塞尔——舍斯托夫

纪念伟大的哲学家爱德曼•胡塞尔2008-03-28

纪念伟大的哲学家爱德曼?

胡塞尔

[俄]舍斯托夫

InmemoryofagreatphilosopherEdmundHusserl

1

MaxScheler,whenIlastsawhim,twoweeksbeforehisdeath,suddenlyaskedme:

"WarumsindSiemitsoeinemUngestьmgegenHusserllosgegangen?

"Husserlhimself,whenIvisitedhiminFreiburg,introducedmetoagroupofvisitingAmericanprofessorsofphilosophywiththewords:

"Noonehaseverattackedmesosharplyashe-andthat'swhywearesuchclosefriends."WhatastonishesoneinHusserl'swordsistheclearexpressionofthe"disinterestedness"whichissorareeveninthegreatphilosophers.Hisfirstinterestwasinthetruth:

andinthesearchfortruthfriendshipwithone'sintellectualopponentsisnotonlypossiblebutessential.ThisischaracteristicofHusserlinthehighestdegree.

Butweareconcernedforthemomentwithadifferentquestion:

Whatcouldhavebeenthecauseofmyharshattack?

TomakeintelligibleapositionasdifficultandatthesametimeremarkableasHusserl'sphenomenology,itseemstomeusefultostatenotonlythedoctrineitselfbutalsothereasonswhyIhavefoundit,andstillfindit,unacceptable.Objectionsilluminatenotonlytheviewsofthecritic,butalsothoseofthethinkercriticized.[1]

IfirstencounteredHusserl'sworksthirtyyearsago,[2]atatimewhenhehadpublishedonlytheLogischeUntersuchungen.Thatbookwasandisenormouslyimpressive.AmongphilosophersoftheearlytwentiethcenturyfewindeedcanrivalHusserlinpower,boldness,depth,andsignificanceofthought.Wedidnotmeetuntilmuchlater,afterIhadpublishedtwoarticlesonHusserlintheRevuePhilosophique.[3]IhadbeeninvitedtoAmsterdamtoreadapaperbeforeaphilosophicalsociety.WhenIgotthereIwastoldthatHusserlwascominglatertoreadapaperandthathehadaskedifIcouldawaithisarrivalsothatwemightmeet.Ofcourse,Igladlypostponedmy

departureforafewdays.IwaspleasantlysurprisedbyHusserl'sdesiretomeetanoutspokenintellectualopponent:

suchgenerosityofspiritisextremelyrare.

OurfirstmeetingtookplaceatthephilosophicalsocietyintheeveningjustbeforeHusserlwastoreadhispaper.Atthattime,ofcourse,therewasnophilosophicdiscussion.Husserlwasbusycompletinghisownpaper,whichlastedformorethantwohoursandwhich,incidentally,hereadstanding,withextraordinaryease,andwiththeartistryandvigorofamanoffortyratherthanseventy.Husserlaskedthememberofthephilosophicsocietyinwhosehomeheandhiswifewerestaying（itisthecustominAmsterdamforphilosopherswhoareinvitedtoreadpaperstostaywithmembersofthephilosophicsocietyratherthaninhotels）toinvitemefordinnerthefollowingday.Atdinner,ofcourse,therewasnotalkofphilosophy.Butimmediatelyafterdinner,assoonaswehadgonefromthediningroomintothestudy,Husserlbegantoraisephilosophicissues,plungingdirectlyinmediasres.Thiswascharacteristicofhim.Irememberthatwhen,afewdayslater,bothofushaddinnerwithanothermemberofthesociety,andafterdinnerourhost,averywealthymanandapassionatebibliophile,beganshowingHusserlsomeofhisrarebooks-firsteditionsoftheCritiqueofPureReasonandSpinoza'sEthics-Husserl,tothegreatchagrinofourhost,castonlyaperfunctoryglanceattheserarevolumes,andinafewmomentstookmeasideandbegantotalkphilosophy.

Thissameconcentrationuponthequestionswhichabsorbedhimwasapparentonanotheroccasion,when,attherequestofProfessorAndler,IbegantosoundHusserloutconcerninghiswillingnesstocometoParisattheinvitationoftheSorbonne.Heaskedmeonlyonequestion:

"DoyouthinkthatIwillfindpeopleinPariswhoknowGermanandarewillingtoreflectuponmyproblems?

"Husserl'scompleteabsorptioninphilosophywasevidentinallofourconversations-firstinAmsterdam,andtheninFreiburgandParis."Youwerewrong,"hebeganatourfirstmeeting,throwinghimselfuponmesharplyandpassionately,

"Youhaveturnedmeintoastonestatue,raisedmeontoaloftypedestal,andthenwithhammerblowsyouhaveshatteredthisstatuetobits.ButamIreallysolapidary?

Youdon'tseemtohavenoticedwhatcompelledmetoformulateinsucharadicalwaythequestionofthenatureofknowledge,modifyingthedominanttheoriesofknowledgewhichpreviouslyhadsatisfiedmeasmuchasanyotherphilosopher.ThemoredeeplyIprobedintothebasicproblemsoflogic,themoreIfeltthatourscience,ourknowledge,isshaking,tottering.Andfinally,

tomyownindescribablehorror,Iconvincedmyselfthatifcontemporaryphilosophyhassaidthelastwordaboutthenatureofknowledge,thenwehavenoknowledge.Once,whenIwasgivingalectureattheuniversity,expoundingideaswhichIhadtakenoverfromourcontemporaries,IsuddenlyfeltthatIhadnothingtosay,thatIwasstandingbeforemystudentswithemptyhandsandanemptysoul.AndthenIresolvedbothformyselfandformystudentstosubmittheexistingtheoriesofknowledgetothatsevereandunrelentingcriticismwhichhasarousedtheindignationofsomanypeople.Ontheotherhand,Ibegantoseekthetruthpreciselywherenoonehadsoughtitbefore,sincenoonehadadmittedthatitmightbefoundthere.SuchwastheoriginofmyLogicalInvestigations.Butyoudidnotwanttoseeinmystruggle,inmyimpetuous"either-or,"anexpressionofwhatitinfactwas-namely,theconsciousnessthat,ifthedoubtswhichhadariseninmecouldnotbeovercomebytheeffortsofreason,ifwearedoomedmerelytogoonsmoothingover-moreorlessthoroughly-thefissuresandcrevasseswhichhaveopenedupinallofourepistemologicalconstructions,thenonefinedayallofourknowledgewillcrumbleandwewillfindourselvesstandingamidthemiserableruinsofformergreatness."

Itwasinroughlythesewords,butwithgreaterforceandpassion,withthatextraordinaryйlanwhichonefeltinallofhisremarkablewritings

andaddresses,thatHusserlspoketomeofthesourcesofhisboldandoriginalphilosophy,aphilosophywhichrelentlesslysweptawaythefundamentalideasofthebestcontemporarythinkers.TheLogischeUntersuchungenandhisotherworkswerea"slaughter,"notofthe"innocent,"ofcourse,（theinnocentdonotphilosophize）,butoftheoldmen.Atthesametimetheywereagrandioseandmagnificentattempttofindasupportforourknowledge,asupportwhicheventhe"gatesofHell"couldnotvanquish.Husserlspokewithsincerity,enthusiasm,andinspiration;Ithinkevennon-philosopherswouldimmediatelysensethatthequestionsheraisedwerenottheoreticalones-anyprofferedsolutiontowhich,beingequallyindifferent,wouldbeequallyacceptable-butquestions,ashehimselfputit,oflifeanddeath.Husserl,likeShakespeare'sHamlet,raisedtheterribleandfatefulquestion,"tobeornottobe."HesawwithHamlet（orwithShakespeare）thatthetimewasoutofjoint.Hiswordshadatrulyshatteringimpact.Myfirstpersonalmeetingswithhim,likemyreadingofhisfirstwordstwentyyearsearlier,wastrulymemorable.Onedoesnotforgetsuchhumangreatness.

Irepliedcandidly-"Youareright,ofcourse.IhaveattackedyourideaswithalltheenergyIcouldcommand.ButthiswasonlybecauseI

felttheenormousandincomparablepowerofyourthought,andsensedwhatyouhavenowtoldmeaboutthemotivationsofyourboldandoriginalideas.IhavenodoubtthatinFrance-whereyouwerealmostentirelyunknownbeforemyarticlesappeared-peoplenowrealizethataneighboringcountryhasproducedamajorphilosopherwhohasopeneduphorizonshithertoobscuredbythethickhazeoftraditionalcommonplaces.Thesharpnessofmyattackemphasizes,ratherthandeprecates,theenormoussignificanceofwhatyouhavedoneforphilosophy.Tostrugglewithyouonemustmarshalallofhisspiritualenergies;everyintenseeffortpresupposespassionandthesharpnessofpassion.Iwasfacedbyafearfuldilemma:

eithertoacceptyourwholepositionanditsas-yet-unformulatedphilosophicalimplications-ortorebelagainstyou.AndifinthenextworldIamaccusedofbetrayingphilosophybecauseofmystruggleagainstself-evidence[4].Ishallpointtoyou,andyouwillburninmyplace.Youhavepursuedandpersecutedmesopersistentlyandinexorablywithyourintuitiveself-evidence,thatIcouldfindnootherwayout.EitherIhadtosubmittoyouineverything,orelsesteelmyselfforthedesperatestepofrevolt,notonlyagainstyoubutagainsteverythingthathasalwaysbeenconsideredtheunquestionedfoundationofphilosophyandofthought.Ihadtorevoltagainstself-evidenttruth.Youwereprofoundlyrightwhenyousaidthatthetimewasoutofjoint.Everyattempttoexaminetheleastfissureinthefoundationofhumanknowledgethrowsthetimeoutofjoint.Butmustknowledgebepreservedatwhatevercost?

Mustthetimebeputbackinjoint?

Orrather,shouldwenotgiveitafurtherpush-andshatterittobits?

"

Thisconversation-heregiveninbriefandapproximateoutline-broughttoafocuswhatunited,andalsowhatdivided,us.Strangeasitmayseemtosomepeople,myfirstteacherofphilosophywasShakespeare,withhisenigmatic,incomprehensible,threatening,andmelancholywords:

"thetimeisoutofjoint."Whatcanonedo,howcanoneact,whenthetimeisoutofjoint,whenbeingrevealsitshorrors?

"FromShakespeareIturnedeagerlytoKant,who,withtheincomparableartistryofhisCritiqueofPracticalReason,bymeansofhisfamouspostulates,attemptedtoglossover,andforcenturiessucceededinglossingover,theontologicalfissureslaidbarebyhisowncrit