英语论文写作常用词汇及句法.docx
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英语论文写作常用词汇及句法
英语论文写作常用词汇及句法
1.Definition
一个完整的definition例子
“Definition:
Thedifferencebetweenthelargestandsmallestclassboundariesiscalledtherangeofthetable.”
一个以上的definition
“Definition1…”“One/Firstdefinition…”
“Definition2…”“Two/Seconddefinition…”
Define
被动句
–AisdefinedasB.
–Aisdefinedasfollows:
…
–AisdefinedtobeB.
–AisdefinedbyB.
–AisdefinedintermsofB.
主动句
–WedefineAasB.
2.使用“称为”
Aiscalled/termedB.
:
Whenthecopyisprintedoutonpaper,itiscalledhardcopy.
AisknownasB.
AisreferredtoasB.
AisspokenofasB.
3.带修饰的“称为”
•…统称为…
–…arecollectivelycalled…
•…有各种叫法…
–…isvariouslycalled…
•前者称为…,后者称为…
–Theformerisreferredtoas…,andthelatteras…
•通常简称为…
–oftenshortenedto…
4.使用“意指”含义的词语
A的意思是…
ByAonerefersto…
Bythespeedoftransmissiononereferstotheinstantaneousrateatwhichtheinformationistransferredoverthecommunicationfacility.
ByAwemean/implythat…
Bythewordscientistwemeansomeonewhotakepartinbasicresearch,todiscoverandattachsignificantproblemsnotyetsolved,to…
Aisdefinedtomean…
其他定义用语
所谓…是…
SocalledAis…
顾名思义,…
A,asthenameimplies/suggests,is…
Commandandcontrol,asthenameimplies,mustcomprisebothacommandandcontrolledactionelement.
…称为…,也可称为…
Aiscalled…,or,alternatively…
…是由…派生而来,意思是…
AisderivedfromB,meaning…
无明确定义
没有普遍公认的定义.
1.ThereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitiontothetermA.
2.ThereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitiontothetermSoftwareComponentpresently.
目前很难给…下定义:
AcleardefinitionofAisdifficulttogive.
5.涉及“世纪”表达用语
•19世纪后期
Inthelatenineteenthcentury
•20世纪的头20年里
Withinthefirst20yearsofthetwentiethcentury
•本世纪初期
Earlyinthepresentcentury
•在本世纪末之前
Beforetheendofthiscentury
•20世纪后半页
Thesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury
•约20年前
Nearlytwodecadesago
•在过去的50年里
Duringthepast50years
•在…之后的13年里
For13yearsafter…
•从80年代开始
Beginninginthe1980’s
•直到1990年
Upto1990…
•追溯到
datingbackto…/gobackto…
6.抽象时间表达用语.
•今后若干年…
–forthenextfewyears…
•近期内…
–inthenearfuture…
•在…之后不久
–shortlyafter…
•在写本文时…
–atthetimeofwritingthispaper…
•目前
–forthetimebeing…
•当今的…
Intoday’s…
•在…瞬间…
–Atthemoment…
•…暂时…
–…forthemoment,…
•此时…
–Bynow…
•一度…
–Atonetime…
•时代
theeraof…
•月-日-年顺序
–1997年8月16日
–Aug.16,1997
•与介词配合
–有年或月无日期,用in
•in1997,inMar,1997
–有日期,用on
•onNov1,1998
–有几点几分,用at
•at12:
30P.M.
•
7.常用句首副词
实际上
actually
可以肯定的
certainly
奇怪的是
curiously
从概念上讲
conceptually
从功能上讲
functionally
从物理概念上
physically
从数学上讲
mathematically
从理论上讲
theoretically
从实验上讲
experimentally
从特性上讲
characteristically
从图形上讲
graphically
从年代上看
chronologically
换言之
alternatively
用解析的方法
analytically
直观地讲
certainly
按照惯例
conventionally
按照经典理论
classically
具体的讲
specifically
在正常情况下
ordinarily
从本质上讲
essentially
遗憾的是
unfortunately
严格的说
strictly
从功能上看
operationally
应该承认
admittedly
顺便指出
incidentally
等效地讲
equivalently
与之对应的是
correspondingly
理想情况下
ideally
归纳起来
inductively
从结构上看
architecturally
从逻辑上讲
logically
就个人而言
personally
与此同时
simultaneously
可能的情况是
presumably
归根结底
ultimately
用符号表示的话
symbolically
很少
rarely
通常
usually
从视觉效果上看
visually
最后
finally
结果/因此
consequently
或许
probably
很清楚
cleally
粗略的讲
roughly
从主要方面讲
mainly
从技术上讲
technically
与most/more组合的情况
最值得注意的是
mostnotably
更/最重要的是
more/mostimportantly
更一般的情况
moregenerally
更确切地说
moreprecisely/accurately
更简练地讲
morebriefly
8.同段分类
同一段落内用
(1),
(2)…或(a),(b)…分隔
•Twoadditionalmemoryconsiderationsare
(1)thecontrolofsharedmemoryand
(2)theuseofcachememory
分段分类
将每一类的内容另行书写,前面加序号、字母(如1,2,…)或其他符号(“●”,“-”)
•Inputdevicesmaybebrokendownintothefollowingcategories:
•Keyborad
•Cardreader
9.分类常用词汇
(1)
sort,type,class,variety,category
sort普通用语
type技术用语类别
Typesofmappingalgorithms
class技术用语类型
Classesofmodelinglanguages
variety多样的
Varietyofsth.
category范畴,类目
Formalword
分类常用词汇
(2)
说明类别的表达用语
有…类…
Thereare…categoriesof…
…能被分解为…
Canbedividedinto…
…能被划分为…
Canbecategorizedinto…
…能归入…
Canfitinto…
…将…分为…
Classify…as…types
分类常用词汇(3)
说明类别及分类依据的表达用语
…可按…分类
…Canbecategorizedaccordingto…
“Computerscanbecategorizedaccordingtotheirsizes.”
…就…分类
…iscategorizedwithrespectto…
“Signalsiscategorizedwithrespecttotheirapplications”
按照…来分类
…maybeclassifiedby…
“Signalsmaybeclassifiedbytheirfiniteenergyorpower.”
…属于…
…fallinto/within…
“Manycomputersfallintothegeneralformdiscussedabove.”
…有许多种,从…到…
…therearemanyvarietiesof…,from…to…
“Therearemanyvarietiesofstoredprogramfromawiredlogictofullystoredprogramcontrol.”
…不包含在…中
…beexcludedfrom…
“SystemsbelowMareexcludedfromthisclassification.”
英语科技论文常用句型结构;
表达不同功能的常用句型;
1)定义;定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的;Thetermmacromolecule(mea;(Inthisarticle、Inthispap;为了说明上述表达方式的用法,现举例如下:
;Paradigmreferstomodelsof;在对某些事物进行定义时,还可使用以下固定形式;从英语科技论文常用句型结构。
2.6.1表达不同功能的常用句型
1)定义
定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的确切简要的说明,常见的表达方式和句型有:
Thetermmacromolecule(means…、signifies...isconsideredtobe…、istakentobe…、refersto…)
(Inthisarticle、Inthispaper、Inthisessay、Inthiscontext、Incomputerscience、Forthispurpose)network(willbetakentomean…、willbeusedinthe、willbeconsideredtobe…、willreferto…、willbeusedin…)
为了说明上述表达方式的用法,现举例如下:
Paradigmreferstomodelsofinquirythatguidesscientificwork.
在对某些事物进行定义时,还可使用以下固定形式。
(thewordstobedefined)isakindof(class)which(distinguishingfeatures)
从以上例子中可以看出,一般定义的组成部分是:
概念+属性+种差,例如:
Asolarcell(概念)isadevice(属性)whichconvertstheenergyofsunlightintoelectricenergy(种差)。
2)分类
在科技论文中,作者有时需要对描述、说明的对象按其性质、大小、作用等分成若干种类,然后依次阐述。
常见的表达分类的句型有:
(breakdown、divide、subdivide、beclassified)+…(总体)+into/as…(部分)
具体用法举例如下:
·Classificationbreaksdownthegeneraltopicintoitsrelatedpartsinalogicalway.
·Thisclassificationsystemdividedcarbidesintotwodistinctcategories.
·Substancescan/maybeclassifiedasgases,liquidsandsolids.
Themodels(fallinto、canbedividedinto、maybeclassifiedinto、areof)two(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)
Therearetwo(major、general(groups、classesof…、categories)、broad)
Two(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)
Therearetwo(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)of…
3)比例关系
常见表达比例关系的句型有:
·Mostobjectsarebiginproportiontothesizeofanatombutsmallinproportiontothesizeofthesun.
·Therationbetweenstudentsofsciencetostudentsofengineeringis3:
2.
·Thereisarelationshipbetweenthecross-sectionalareaofaropeanditsstrength.Itsstrengthisdirectlyproportionaltoitscross-sectionalarea.
·Pressureisinverselyproportionaltovolume.
·Airandfuelaremixedinaproportionof15to1.
·Threecolours:
red,greenandbluewill,iftheyaremixedtogetherintherightproportion,giveuswhitelight.
·Ionthefinalprintedversion,graphsanddiagramsareusuallyreducedinscalebyafactoroftwoorthree.
·Themodelismadetoscale.
·Asthedemandforpowerincreases,thesupplyisproportionallyincreased.
·Agoodcoolantisformedbymixingwaterandsolubleoilinaratioof10:
1to20:
1.
·Theaccelerationofabodyisdirectlyproportionaltotheforceactingonit.
·Intensityofanelectricfieldisrelativetocurrent.
·Thedensityofairvariesdirectlyasthepressure,withtemperaturebeingconstant.
·Theelectriccurrentvariesdirectlywiththevoltage.
·Theresultantmodulatedwavehasthesamefrequencyasthecarrier,butthecarrierwaveamplitudevariesindirectrelationtothemodulatingwave.
4)用途和功能
常见表达用途和功能的句型有:
·Definitionsasgivenhereapplyonlytothesubjecttreatedinthisstandard.
·Tosomeextentthesemethodsareonlyapplicabletolongseriesofproduction.
·Althoughboththeplanerandtheshaperareadaptedtothemachiningofflatsurfaces,theydifferwidelyinconstructionandinmethodofoperation.
·Whilethesemethodsarecorrect,theyarenotadaptabletotheviscousflowproblem.
·Orbitalandplanetarycuttingmachinesareparticularlyusefulforcuttingofftubularwork.
·Thebinaryscaleisperfectlyusedforthe“off-on”pulsesofelectricity.
·Thistwo-bodyapproximationholdsforthemotionofplanetsaboutthesun.
·Thesemotorsarefitformachinesrequiringconstant-torqueandadjustablespeed.
·Filmcrotronscanfitintosmaller,flatterplaces.
·Thismethodisnotfittedtotheoperation.
·Rimmedsteelsaremoresuitablefordrawingandforming.
·Vbeltsarewellsuitedforshort-centredrives.
·Solenoidvalveslendthemselvesreadilytomultipleporting.
5)行为与结果
常见表达行为与结果句型有:
This(causes…、givesriseto…、leadsto…、resultsin…、bringsabout…)
Theresultobtained(agreeswith…、isinagreementwith…、isinlinewith…、isconsistentwith…、fitsinto…)
·Theburningmatchisinverted,andasaresulttheflamebecomesbigger.
·Gasesandsolidssometimesdissolveinliquidstoformsolutions,therebyformingsolutions.
·Asaresultofcombustionofcoal,carbondioxideisgivenoff.
6)目的
科技论文中,常常要提及研究工作或实验的目的,常用的句型有:
The(chiefaim、mainpurpose、primary、objectoftheexperimentis…、majorobjective、principalgoal)
Theexperimentbeenconducted(inthehope(of…、that…)、withaviewto(do)…、inorderto(do)…、totheendthat…、sothat…)
Performingthestudywe(hope、intendto(do)…、expect)
·Toobtainbetterreception,anaerialshouldbefiltered.
·Tofindtherequiredradiostation,thetunershould