中考英语语法大全定语从句.docx
《中考英语语法大全定语从句.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《中考英语语法大全定语从句.docx（7页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
中考英语语法大全定语从句
中考英语语法大全——定语从句
一．定语从句的概念、位置及构成
1.定语从句的概念和位置
在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。
定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
eg:
Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage?
你认识正在舞台上唱歌的那个女孩吗?
eg:
This is the museum which was built last year.这就是去年建成的博物馆。
2.先行词和关系词
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
指代先行词，放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又充当定语从句的某一个成分（ 主语、宾语、表语、状语等）的词叫关系词。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that, who, whom, whose, which;关系副词有when, where, why等。
eg:
The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.手拿雨伞的那个人是我叔叔。
eg:
The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.刚开走的火车是驶往深圳的。
eg:
Let's finda place where we can have a picnic.我们找一个能野餐的地方吧。
定语从句的构成
eg:
He hasacar.+ The car has7 seats.→He hasa car which has 7 seats.
他有一辆7座的汽车。
eg:
The hotel was very clean. + We stayed there.→The hotel where we stayed was very clean.
我们待过的那家宾馆很干净。
二、定语从句的种类
根据先行词与定语从句关系的紧密程度，可将定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
1.限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与先行词关系非常密切，说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况，是句中不可缺少的组成部分，如果没有这个从句，先行词的意思就含混不清或不明确，主句内容也不完整；从句和主句之间一般不用逗号分开。
如：
This is the bicycle that I bought yesterday.
She is the nurse who looks after the children.
2.非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完一般用逗号与主句分开。
如：
She has two brothers, who are both doctors.
We went to see comrade Wang, who gave us a hearty welcome.
三、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在句子中起连接替代的作用在句子中充当一定的成分，修饰前面的先行词。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which,who, whom, whose等，其主要用法见下表:
先行词
主语
宾语
属格
人
who/that
whom/that
whose
事物、动物
which/that
which/that
whose
人+动物人+事物
that
that
1.that引导的定语从句
that既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语宾语或表语。
作宾语时可以省略。
作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that 之前若介词提前，指物用which,指人用whom。
eg:
Views that are entirely new may also be hard to accept.那些全新的观点或许也很难被接受。
eg:
Weneed a person that is right for the job.我们需要一位可以胜任这份工作的人。
eg:
The picture （that） we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-oldstudent.
我们正在研究的这幅画是一个15岁的学生画的。
2.which引导的定语从句
which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语宾语。
作宾语的关系代词which可以省略（放在介词后除外）。
eg:
The river which runs through the center of the city was pollutedseriously.
穿过市中心的那条河被严重污染了。
eg:
The story （ which） he told was very popular.他讲的那个故事很受欢迎。
eg:
The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。
3.who, whom引导的定语从句
二者都用于指人。
who在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom在定语从句中作宾语。
作宾语的关系代词who, whom可以省略（介词后作宾语的关系代词除外）。
eg:
We are proud ofMo Yan.---Yes. He is a great writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in2012.
我们都以莫言为荣---是的。
他是2012年荣获诺贝尔文学奖的一位伟大的作家。
eg:
Her sister married a man （who/whom） she met on a plane.她姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。
重点提醒
whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到whom前面时，不能用who代替。
eg:
The person to who you just talked is Deep.（X）
eg:
Theperson who/whom you just talkedto is Deep. （√）刚刚和你谈话的人是德普。
4.whose引导的定语从句
whose可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语。
eg:
Do you know the girl whose Japanese is excellent?
你认识那个日语非常优秀的女孩吗?
要点提升
有时“whose+名词”可用“限定词+名词+of which/whom”或者“ofwhich/whom+限定词+名词”来代替。
eg:
He lives ina house whose windows face south.
=He lives in a house of which the windows face south.=He lives in a house the windows of which face south.他住在一个窗户朝南的房子里。
eg:
I’dlikea room whose window looksout over the sea.我想要个窗子朝向大海的房间。
四、关系副词的用法
关系副词有when, where, why,在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。
关系副词主要起三个作用：
代替先行词，在定语从句中作状语,连接先行词与定语从句。
1.关系副词when的用法
when在定语从句中作时间状语，往往代指时间。
此时可与on which，inwhich，atwhich，during which等互换使用；when的先行词通常是time,，day， season，age等表示时间的名词。
如：
This was the time when/at which he arrived.
Springis the season when/in which grass and trees turngreen.
2. 关系副词where的用法
where在定语从有中作状语，用来指代地点。
where引导的定语从句也可与inwhich互换使用；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house等表示地点的名词。
如：
This is the town whereI was born.
Beijingis the place where/ inwhichIwasborn.
3. 关系副词why的用法
why在定语从句中作状语，表示原因，why的先行词只能是reason；why可用forwhich代替。
如：
Is this the reason why/ for which he refused our offer?
注意：
先行词虽然是表示时间或地点的名词，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词而不用关系副词；作状语时才用关系副词。
如：
The factory where his father workedhasclosed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。
（作状语）
The factory which/that was built in 1978 hasclosed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。
（作主语）
I'll never forget the days when we lived together.
我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。
（作状语）
I'll never forget the days （that） we spent in Australia.
我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。
（作及物动词spent的宾语）
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.
她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
（作状语，用关系副词）
The reason （that） he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.
他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。
（作gave的宾语，用关系代词）
五、定语从句中的注意事项
1.只用that不用which的情况
（1）先行词是不定代词或者被不定代词修饰时
先行同是anything, everything, nothing, few, all, none, little, some等,或者由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等不定代词修饰时，关系代词用that不用which。
eg:
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
李老师说的话你都记下来了吗?
eg:
Any man that doesn't have a sense of duty can't do the thing well.
没有责任感的人是做不好这件事情的。
（2）先行词是序数词或者形容词最高级或被其修饰时
eg:
The first thing that my brother is going to do this afternoon is tostudy physics,
今天下午我弟弟要做的第一件事情就是要研读物理。
eg:
Ihave found the best way that could finish the test.我已找到了完成测验的最好方法。
（3）先行词既有指人的名词，也有指物的名词时
eg:
Hewaswatchingthechildren and parcels that filledwiththecar.他望着满车的孩子和包襄。
eg:
Jack took photographs of the things andpeople that he wasinterested in.
杰克把他感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。
（4）当主句是以who或者which开头的特殊疑问句时
eg:
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
站在门口的那个人是谁?
eg:
Which is the bike that you lost?
哪辆是你丢失的自行车?
（5）先行词前有the only, the very等修饰时
eg:
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我想买的那本词典。
eg:
After the fire, the old car was the only thing that he owned.火灾之后，那部旧车成了他唯一的财产。
2.只用which不用that的情况
（1）关系代词前有介词且指事物时
eg:
I’mlooking fora container in whichIcan putall thesepeaches.
我想找一个能把这些桃都放进去的容器。
eg:
A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals arekept for exhibition.
动物园是展览各种动物的公园。
（2）先行词本身就是that时
eg:
Idon't like that which he did.我不喜欢他做的那件事。
eg:
What is that which is on the ground?
地上的是什么东西?
（3）引导非限制性定语从句时
非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。
eg:
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over theworld.
足球是很有趣的运动项目，已在全世界普及。
eg:
Their house was washed away by the foods, which made themsad.
要点提升
“oneof+复数可数名词”充当先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式“the only/every/right one of+复数可数名词”充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
eg:
Tom is one of the students who were awarded.汤姆是当时获奖的学生中的一个。
eg:
Tom is the only one of the students who was awarded.汤姆是当时唯一一个获奖的学生。
他们的房子被洪水冲走了，这让他们很难过。
3.定语从句中的主谓一致
这里是指关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式要与先行词一致的问题。
先行词是单数时,从句的谓语动词用单数;先行词是复数时，从句的谓语动词用复数。
eg:
The man who is playing football is my PE teacher.正在踢足球的那个人是我的体育老师。
eg:
Ilove singers who write their own music.我喜欢能自己创作音乐的歌手。
关系代词和关系副词的区别
（1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词判断一般定语从句的谓语如果是及物动词，后面没有宾语时就用关
系代词;从句的谓语如果是不及物动词，则用关系副词。
eg:
This is the factory thatwhich Ivisited last year.这就是我去年参观过的那家工厂。
eg:
This isthe factory where he used to work.这就是他以前工作过的那家工厂。
（2）根据定语从句中所缺少的成分判断
分析定语从句缺少何种成分（主语、宾语、表语定语、状语），如果是缺少主语宾语表语定语用关系代词，如果是缺少状语则用关系副词。
eg:
Isthis the museum （that/which） you visited a few days ago?
这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗?
eg:
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
这就是举办展览的那家博物馆吗?
5.“介词+关系代词”的用法
重点提醒
有些“动词+介词”短语，如look for, look after, call on等不可拆开，不可把介词置于关系代词之前。
eg:
Itis the book for which she was lookingfor.这就是她过去一直在找的那本书。
eg:
The babies after whom the nurses are lookingafterareveryhealthy.
由这些护士照看的婴儿都很健康。
有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词之前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构，该结构中的关系代词可用which, whose, whom,不可以用that和who。
该结构中的介词可以根据定语从句中谓语
的搭配，与先行词的搭配或者句子意义来确定。
eg:
This is the house of which I spoke.这就是我提到的那所房子。
eg:
Is this the car for which you paid a high price?
这就是你花高价买的那辆车吗?
eg:
This is the camera with which he often takes photos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。
eg:
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
典型例题解析
1.[四川成都中考考题]The woman ________ is singing on theTV showisourEnglishteacher.
A. whoB. whichC. whose
2.[湖北黄冈中考考题]—I really want to relax myself. Could we see City Dangertonight?
—Sure!
The actor______ a hero used to be a school teacher. I like him very much.
A. who playB. which playsC. who playsD. that play
3.[湖北鄂州中考考题] —Who won the first prize in the English speech contest?
—The prize went to the girl________speech was the most natural and fluent.
A. thatB. whoC. whoseD.不填
4. [山西中考考题] The earth is the planet_________provides us with everything weneed, fresh air, clean water and so on. It's our duty to protect it.
A. whoB. thatC. where
5. [湖北黄石中考考题] Xiandao Lake in Yangxin is the famous place_________we’llvisitnext week.
A. thatB. whoC. whereD. whom
6.[吉林中考考题]—You look smart in the T-shirt_________your daughter boughtforyou.
—Thanks a lot.
A. whichB. whoC. whom
7.[江苏淮安]—Have you found the information about famous scientists________youcan use for the report?
—Not yet. I'll search for some on the Internet.
A. where B. which C. whatD. who
8.[河南考题] Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movieexperience_________people cannot get at home.
A.thatB. whoC. whom D. what
9. [湖北荆州]—Do you know the heroic girl, Tu Youyou?
—Yes, she is the first Chinese __________won a Nobel prize in science.
A. who haveB. that haveC. which hasD. who has
10. [甘肃天水] My grandparents still live in that old village______the localgovernment has decided to keep.
A. whichB. whereC. whenD. what
【答案点拨】
1.答案:
A 句意:
在电视节目上唱歌的那位女士是我们的英语老师。
由空格前的woman可知先行词指人，而且在从句中作主语，用who引导定语从句。
故选A。
2.答案:
C句意：
“我真想放松一下。
我们今晚可以《冒险城市）吗?
”“当然可以！
剧里演英雄的那个演员以前是位学校老师。
我很喜欢他。
”定语从句中，当先行词是人时，引导词用who或that；从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。
故选C。
3.答案：
C句意：
“谁获得了英语演讲比赛的第一名？
”“一个女孩获得了这个奖项，她的演讲时最自然的、最流利的。
”根据句意可知此处用表示“某人的”关系词whose而不是who。
故选C。
4.答案：
B句意：
地球这颗星球，提供我们需要的一切，新鲜的空气、干净的水等。
保护它是我们的责任。
空白处前的先行词planet是表示物的名词，用which或that引导定语从句，故选B。
5.答案:
A 句意：
阳新仙岛潮是我们下周要游览的一个著名景点。
先行词thefamousplace指物，且关系词在定语从句中作visit的宾语，放选A。
6.答案:
A 句意：
“你穿着女儿给你买的这件T恤杉看上去很好。
”“谢谢。
”由句意可知这里考查定语从句，先行词T-shirt指物，用which引导定语从句，放选A。
7.答案：
B首先分析句子结构，本句中的"_____ you can use for the report"在复合句中作定语从句，由于先行词
升级会员 