valued added tax 增值税 外文翻译.docx

valued added tax 增值税 外文翻译.docx

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valuedaddedtax增值税外文翻译

Valueaddedtax

FromWikipedia，thefreeencyclopedi

Abstract

Avalueaddedtax（VAT）isaformofconsumptiontax．Itisataxonthe”valueadded”toaproductormaterial，fromanaccountingview,ateachstageofitsmanufactureordistribution．The”valueadded”toaproductbyabusinessisthesalepricechargedtoitscustomer，minusthecostofmaterialsandothertaxableinputs．AVATislikeasalestaxinthatultimatelyonlytheendconsumeristaxed．Itdiffersfromthesalestaxinthat，withthelatter，thetaxiscollectedandremittedtothegovernmentonlyonce．atthepointofpurchasebytheendconsumer．WiththeVAT,collections，remittancestothegovernment，andcreditsfortaxesalreadypaidoccureachtimeabusinessinthesupplychainpurchasesproductsfromanotherbusiness.Thereasonbusinessesenduppayingnotaxisthatatthetimetheyselltheproduct，theyreceiveacreditforallthetaxtheyhavepaidtosuppliers．

Personalend-consumersofproductsandservicescannotrecoverVATonpurchases，butbusinessesareabletorecoverVAT（inputtax）ontheproductsandservicesthattheybuyinordertoproducefurthergoodsorservicesthatwillbesoldtoyetanotherbusinessinthesupplychainordirectlytoafinalconsumer．Inthisway,thetotaltaxleviedateachstageintheeconomicchainofsupplyisaconstantfractionofthevalueaddedbyabusinesstoitsproducts，andmostofthecostofcollectingthetaxisbornebybusiness，ratherthanbythestate．ValueAddedTaxeswereintroducedinpartbecausetheycreatestrongerincentivestocollectthanasalestaxdoes．Bothtypesofconsumptiontaxcreateanincentivebyendconsumerstoavoidorevadethetax．Butthesalestaxoffersthebuyeramechanismtoavoidorevadethetax--persuadethesellerthatheisnotreallyanendconsumer，andthereforethesellerisnotlegallyrequiredtocollectit．Theburdenofdeterminingwhetherthebuyer’Smotivationistoconsumeorre-sellisontheseller．butthesellerhasnodirecteconomicincentivetothesellertocollectit．TheVATapproachgivessellersadirectfinancialstakeincollectingthetax，andeliminatestheproblematicdecisionbytheselleraboutwhetherthebuyerisorisnotanendconsumer．

ChapterIComparisonwithasalestax

Valueaddedtax（VAT）avoidsthecascadeeffectofsalestaxbytaxingonlythevalueaddedateachstageofproduction．Forthisreason，throughouttheworld，VAThasbeengainingfavorovertraditionalsalestaxes．Inprinciple，VATappliestoallprovisionsofgoodsandservices．VATisassessedandcollectedonthevalueofgoodsorservicesthathavebeenprovidedeverytimethereisatransaction（sale/purchase）.ThesellerchargesVATtothebuyer,andthesellerpaysthisVATtothegovernment．Ifhowever,thepurchaserisnotanenduser，butthegoodsorservicespurchasedarecoststoitsbusiness,thetaxithaspaidforsuchpurchasescanbedeductedfromthetaxitchargestoitscustomers．Thegovernmentonlyreceivesthedifference；inotherwords，itispaidtaxonthegrossmarginofeachtransaction，byeachparticipantinthesaleschain．

Salestaxisnormallychargedonendusers（consumers）．TheVATmechanismmeansthattheend—usertaxisthesameasitwouldbewithasalestax．Themaindifferenceistheextraaccountingrequiredbythoseinthemiddleofthesupplychain；thisdisadvantageofVATisbalancedbyapplicationofthesametaxtoeachmemberoftheproductionchainregardlessofitspositioninitandthepositionofitscustomers,reducingtheeffortrequiredtocheckandcertifytheirstatus．WhentheVATsystemhasfew,ifany,exemptionssuchaswithGSTinNewZealand，paymentofVATisevensimpler.

Ageneraleconomicideaisthatifsalestaxesexceed10％，peoplestartengaginginwidespreadtaxevadingactivity（1ikebuyingovertheInternet，pretendingtobeabusiness，buyingatwholesale，buyingproductsthroughanemployeretc.Ontheotherhand．totalVATratescanriseabove10％withoutwidespreadevasionbecauseofthenovelcollectionmechanism．However，becauseofitsparticularmechanismofcollection，VATbecomesquiteeasilythetargetofspecificfraudslikecarouselfraud,whichcanbeveryexpensiveintermsoflossoftaxincomesforstates.

1.1PrincipleofVAT

ThestandardwaytoimplementaVATinvolvesassumingabusinessowessomepercentageonthepriceoftheproductminusalltaxespreviouslypaidonthegood.IfVATrateswere10％，anorangejuicemakerwouldpay10％ofthe￡5perlitreprice（￡0.50）minustaxespreviouslypaidbytheorangefarmer（maybe￡0.20）．Inthisexample，theorangejuicemakerwouldhavea￡0.30taxliability.Eachbusinesshasastrongincentiveforitssupplierstopaytheirtaxes，allowingVATratestobehigherwithlesstaxevasionthanaretailsalestax．Behindthissimpleprinciplearethevariationsinitsimplementations，asdiscussedinthenextsection．

1.2BasisforVATs

Bythemethodofcollection.VATcanbeaccounts-basedorinvoice-based.Undertheinvoicemethodofcollection,eachsellerchargesVATrateonhisoutputandpassesthebuyeraspecialinvoicethatindicatestheamountoftaxcharged.BuyerswhoaresubjecttoVATontheirownsales（outputtax），considerthetaxonthepurchaseinvoicesasinputtaxandcandeductthesumfromtheirownVATliability.Thedifferencebetweenoutputtaxandinputtaxispaidtothegovernment（orarefundisclaimed，inthecaseofnegativeliability）.Undertheaccountsbasedmethod，nosuchspecificinvoicesareused．Instead，thetaxiscalculatedonthevalueadded,measuredasadifferencebetweenrevenuesandallowablepurchases.Mostcountriestodayusetheinvoicemethod,theonlyexceptionbeingJapan,whichusestheaccountsmethod.

ChapterIICriticisms

The“value-addedtax”hasbeencriticizedastheburdenofitreliesonpersonalend-consumersofproducts.Somecriticsconsiderittobearegressivetax,meaningthepoorpaymore,asapercentageoftheirincome,thantherich.Defendersarguethatexcisingtaxationthroughincomeisanarbitrarystandard，andthatthevalue-addedtaxisinfactaproportionaltaxinthatpeoplewithhigherincomepaymoreatthesameratethattheyconsumemore.TheeffectiveprogressivenessorregressivenessofaVATsystemcanalsobeaffectedwhendifferentclassesofgoodsaretaxedatdifferentrates.Tomaintaintheprogressivenatureoftotaltaxesonindividuals,countriesimplementingVAThavereducedincometaxonlowerincome-earners,aswellasinstituteddirecttransferpaymentstolower-incomegroups,resultinginlowertaxburdensonthepoor.

Revenuesfromavalueaddedtaxarefrequentlylowerthanexpectedbecausetheyaredifficultandcostlytoadministerandcollect．Inmanycountries,however,wherecollectionofpersonalincometaxesandcorporateprofittaxeshasbeenhistoricallyweak,VATcollectionhasbeenmoresuccessfulthanothertypesoftaxes.VAThasbecomemoreimportantinmanyjurisdictionsastarifflevelshavefallenworldwideduetotradeliberalization.asVAThasessentiallyreplacedlosttariffrevenues.Whetherthecostsanddistortionsofvalueaddedtaxesarelowerthantheeconomicinefficienciesandenforcementissues（e.g.smuggling）fromhighimporttariffsisdebated,buttheorysuggestsvalueaddedtaxesarefarmoreefficient.

Certainindustries（small．scaleservices，forexample）tendtohavemoreVATavoidance,particularlywherecashtransactionspredominate，andVATmaybecriticizedforencouragingthis.Fromtheperspectiveofgovernment,however,VATmaybepreferablebecauseitcapturesatleastsomeofthevalue-added,Forexample,acarpentermayoffertoprovideservicesforcash（i.e.withoutareceipt,andwithoutVAT）toahomeowner,whousuallycannotclaiminputVATback.Thehomeownerwillhencebearlowercostsandthecarpentermaybeabletoavoidothertaxes（profitorpayrolltaxes）.Thegovernment,however,maystillreceiveVATforvariousotherinputs（1umber,paint,gasoline,tools,etc.）soldtothecarpenter，whowouldbeunabletoreclaimtheVATontheseinputs（unlessofcoursethecarpenteralsohasat1eastsomejobsdonewithreceipt,andclaimsallpurchasedinputstogotothosejobs）.Whilethetotaltaxreceiptsmaybelowercomparedtofullcompliance,itmaynotbelowerthanunderotherfeasibletaxationsystems.

ChapterIIIVATsystems

3.1EuropeanUnion

TheEuropeanUnionValueAddedTax（EUVAT）isavalueaddedtaxencompassingmemberstatesintheEuropeanUnionValueAddedTaxArea.JoininginthisiscompulsoryformemberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion.Asaconsumptiontax,theEUVATtaxestheconsumptionofgoodsandservicesintheEUVATarea.TheEUVAT’skeyissueaskswherethesupplyandconsumptionoccurstherebydeterminingwhichmemberstatewillcollecttheVATandwhichVATratewillbecharged.

EachMemberState’snationalVATlegislationmustcomplywiththeprovisions0fEUVATlawassetoutinDirective2006/112/EC.ThisDirectivesetsoutthebasicframeworkforEUVAT,butdoesallowMemberStatessomedegreeofflexibilityinimplementationofVATlegislation.ForexampledifferentratesofVATareallowedindifferentEUmemberstates.HoweverDirective2006/112requiresMemberstatestohaveaminimumstandardrateofVATof15％andoneortworeducedratesnottobebelow5％.SomeMemberStateshavea0％VATrateoncertainsupplies-theseMemberStateswouldhaveagreedthisaspartoftheirEUAccessionTreaty（forexample,newspapersandcertainmagazinesinBelgium）.ThecurrentmaximumrateinoperationintheEUis25％,thoughmemberstatesarefreetosethigherrates.

VATthatischargedbyabusinessandpaidbyitscustomersisknownas”outputVAT”（thatis，VATonitsoutputsupplies）.VATthatispaidbyabusinessto