涡轮叶片发机形状.docx
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涡轮叶片发机形状
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Physicallybasedmaterialmodelling
HereinthecaseofNickelbasesuperalloyswithahighvolumefractionoftheγ'precipitatephase.Nickelbasesuperalloys,alsoassinglecrystals,arewidelyusedforhotsectionofturbinebladesinpowerplantsoraeroengines.AspecificconstitutivelawhasbeendevelopedandimplementedinanFEcode,whichexplicitlytakesintoaccounttheintricateinteractionsbetweendislocationsandprecipitates.
Representationoftheγ'precipitates（ingrey）inanoctahedral{111}slipplaneandofthemaindislocationmechanismsofasinglecrystallinefccsuperalloy:
1.Fillingofmatrixchannelswithdislocationhalf-loops（blue）
2.Shearingofmatrixandprecipitatesbylargedislocationsegments（red）
3.Multiplecrossslipbetweenphaseboundaries,resultinginmacroscopiccubicslip（purple）
4.Climbingofdislocationloopsaroundtheprecipitates,resultinginarecoveryoftheinternalstresses（green）
Thecomplexinteractionsbetweendislocationsandprecipitatesandthestressfieldsgeneratedbytheinterfacedislocationsareresponsibleforessentialfeaturesofthemacroscopicdeformationbehaviourofthesealloys.Someofthemarelistedbelow:
∙importanceofcubicslipanditsrelationtothecrystalorientation
∙recoverymechanisms
∙strengthdegradationduetodirectionalcoarseningoftheprecipitates
DeterminationofMaterialParameters,ModelVerification
Simulationofthestress-responsewithaviscoplasticconstitutivemodelatanon-isothermal,axial-torsional,cyclicstraningfortheverificationofthemodel:
Comparisonoftheexperimentonahollowspecimen（left）withthenumericalsimulation（right）,15minhold-timesat850°C,material:
IN738LC
Themodelwasexclusivelyadaptedtoisothermal,uniaxialtensile,LCFandcreeptests.Thephysicalcontroloftheoptimizationwasrealizedbyrelatingofmaterialparametergroupstodifferenthardeningandsofteningphenomenainthematerialbehaviour.Onesetofmaterialparameterswas determinedforeachtestingtemperature.
HighSpeedLoading/Cutting
Thebehaviourofmetallicmaterialsathighloadingratesischaracterisedprimarilybyathermalsofteningduetothefactthattheloadingtimeistooshortforasufficientheatflow.Thesofteningcanleadtotheformationofshearbands.Forverificationoftheconstitutivemodels（e.g.Johnson-Cookmodel）experimentsandfiniteelement（FE）simulationsarecarriedoutonnotchedflatspecimens.
FEsimulation（ABAQUS/explicit）oftheshearbandformationinanotchedflatspecimen,thestiffnessofthetestmachineisconsideredbytrusselements
Anindustrialapplicationofthematerialbehaviourunderhighloadingratesis,besideimpactproblems,forexamplethehighspeedcuttingprocesswiththeformationofshearbandsatchipsegmentation.Fortheoptimisationofthecuttingprocessparameter,FEsimulationswithappropriateconstitutivemodelsfordeformationanddamagearerequired.
FEsimulation（ABAQUS/explicit）ofthedevelopmentofa segmentedchip
StressinaTurbineBlade
ViscoplasticFE-analysis（ABAQUS/standard）ofacross-sectionofaninternallycooledturbinebladeforthedeterminationofthestressdistributionintheblade:
Distributionofthenormalstressintheaxialdirectionoftheturbineblade（FE-modelofSiemens,KWU）
NotchinaSingleCrystal
Simulationofthedamagebehaviouratnotchesinsingle-crystallinesuperalloysundercyclicloadingathightemperature:
Locationofmacro-crackinitiationatanotchinacircumferentiallynotchedspecimenwith（001）-orientationmadefromaprecipitation-hardened,face-centeredcubicsinglecrystal（SC16,950°C,right）andcomparisonwiththeresultsofaFE-simulationwithacrystallographicmodel（left）
Micro-SystemTechnology,Flip-Chip
Simulationofthestrainsituationatacrackintheinterfaceofasolderbump,whichisplacedbetweenthesiliconchipandaceramicssubstrate:
Fieldoftheaccumulatedinelasticstraininacrackedstructure
Theelectricalfailureofsuchanelectronicstructureoccursnotbeforealargecrackhasbeenformed.
Determinationoftheelasticconstantsofanisotropicmaterials
Theelasticconstantsofmaterialscanbeaccuratelydeterminedfromthemeasuredresonancefrequenciesoffreelyvibratingspecimens.TheprocedureisdescribedintheASTMstandardE1875forisotropicmaterials.
Thecaseofanisotropicmaterials,like,e.g.singlecrystals,ismuchmoredemanding.First,thenumberofrequiredindependentconstantsishigher.Inaddition,theeigenmodesoftenconsistofamixtureofflexuralandtorsionalcomponents.Hence,theclassicalformulae,whichhavebeenderivedundertheassumptionofisotropy,donotapply.Asanalternative,theeigenmodescanbeevaluatedbytheFiniteElementMethodforgivenelasticconstants.
Byiterativelyvaryingtheindependentelasticconstantsuntilanagreementisobtainedwiththemeasuredresonancefrequencies,theactualelasticconstantsofananisotropicmaterialcanbeestimated.Eventually,theexperimentallyobtainedresonancespectrumcanbecompletelyinterpreted（seeFigurebelow）.
Withtheapparatusavailableatthedivision,resonancemeasurementscanbeperformedupto1900°C,allowingforthecharacterisationofthedependencyoftheelasticconstantsuponthetemperatureupto1900°C.
InterpretationofthespectralcurveofasinglecrystalsuperalloywithhelpofFEM
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打印 楼主2008-02-0916:
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涡轮轴等燃气涡轮航空发动机技术贴
涡扇发动机的贴子本人以前发过了.现在本贴重点讨论涡轮喷气发动机和涡轮轴发动机.
下图就是涡喷发动机:
由于涡轮喷气发动机的推进效率低，能量损失大，耗油率高，因此，为提高推进效率，在带动压气机的涡轮之后，又加一个涡轮，用来带动对内外涵道气体同时进行增压的压气机（通常叫做风扇）。
这样的发动机，就叫做涡轮风扇发动机。
流入涡轮风扇发动机的空气在风扇中增压后，一部分由燃气发生器中流过，称为内涵气流；一部分由围绕燃气发生器外壳的外涵中流过，称为外涵气流，发动机推力由内﹑外涵气流分别产生的推力组成。
涡扇发动机具有耗油率低﹑起飞推力大﹑噪音低﹑迎风面积大等特点，在现代飞机上得到广泛的应用。
其中高推重比﹑带加力燃烧室的低流量比涡扇发动机，被作为空中优势战斗机的动力；而大流量比（5--8）﹑大推力的涡扇发动机则用于大型宽体客机和战略远程巨型运输机上。
下图就是涡扇发动机:
军用的涡扇发动机外涵道小了很多.结构上与上图基本相同.下图就军用与民用涡扇发动机对比图:
以下首先讨论涡轮轴发动机:
航空涡轮轴发动机
涡轮轴发动机主要是用于直升机上的，基本同于涡桨发动机，只是燃气发生器排出的燃气能量，几乎全部在动力涡轮中膨胀，由尾喷管排出时，气流速度较低，另外，它的输出轴转速较高，以减少由发动机传至直升机主减速器的传动扭矩，使输出轴的直径与重量较小。
为此，有的涡轴发动机由动力涡轮轴直接输出功率，有的则装有减速较小的减速器，使输出轴转速高达6000-8000转/分。
涡轮轴发动机也可以作为非航空领域中的动力。
航空涡轮轴发动机，或简称为涡铀发动机，是一种输出轴功率的涡轮喷气发动机。
法国是最先研制涡轴发动机的国家。
50年代初，透博梅卡公司研制成一种只有一级离心式叶轮压气机、两级涡轮的单转于、输出轴功率的直升机用发动机，功率达到了206kW（280hp），成为世界上第一台直升机用航空涡轮轴发动机，定名为“阿都斯特—l”（Artouste—1）。
首先装用这种发动机的直升机是美国贝尔直升机公司生产的Bell47（编号为XH—13F），于1954年进行了首飞。
涡轴发动机的主要机件
与一般航空喷气发动机一样，涡轴发动机也有进气装置、压气机、燃烧室、涡轮及排气装置等五大机件，涡轴发动机典型结构如下图所示。
进气装置
由于直升机飞行速度不大，一般最大平飞速度在350km/h以下，故进气装置的内流进气道采用收敛形，以便气流在收敛形进气道内作加速流动，以改善气流流场的不均匀性。
进气装置进口唇边呈圆滑流线，适合亚音速流线要求，以避免气流在进口处突然方向折转，引起气流分离，为压气机稳定工作创造一个好的进气环境。
有的涡轴发动机将粒子
升级会员 