托福阅读练习1.docx

托福阅读练习1.docx

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托福阅读练习1

Exampleone:

Certainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.Allliving

creature,especiallyhumanbeings,havetheirpeculiarities,buteverythingaboutthe

littleseacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutabizarreanimalthat,

Lineamongothereccentricities,eatsmud,feedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnightbutcan

（5）livewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbepoisonousbutisconsideredsupremely

ediblebygourmets?

Forsomefiftymillionyears,despiteallitseccentricities,theseacucumberhas

subsistedonitsdietofmud.Itisadaptableenoughtoliveattachedtorocksbyitstube

feet,underrocksinshallowwater,oronthesurfaceofmudflats.Commonincool

（10）wateronbothAtlanticandPacificshores,ithastheabilitytosuckupmudorsandand

digestwhatevernutrientsarepresent.

Seacucumberscomeinavarietyofcolors,rangingfromblacktoreddish-brownto

sand-colorandnearlywhite.Oneformevenhasvividpurpletentacles.Usuallythe

creaturesarecucumber-shaped-hencetheirname-andbecausetheyaretypically

（15）rockinhabitants,thisshape,combinedwithflexibility,enablesthemtosqueeze

intocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.

Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershave

thecapacitytobecomequiescentandliveatalowmetabolicrate-feedingsparingly

ornotatallforlongperiods,sothatthemarineorganismsthatprovidetheirfoodhave

（20）achancetomultiply.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty,theywoulddevourallthefood

availableinashorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence.

Butthemostspectacularthingabouttheseacucumberisthewayitdefendsitself.

Itsmajorenemiesarefishandcrabs,whenattacked,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgans

intothewater.Italsocastsoffattachedstructuressuchastentacles.Theseacucumber

（25）willeviscerateandregenerateitselfifitisattackedoreventouched;itwilldothesame

ifthesurroundingwatertemperatureistoohighorifthewaterbecomestoopolluted.

8.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（A）Thereasonfortheseacucumber'sname

（B）Whatmakestheseacucumberunusual

（C）Howtoidentifytheseacucumber

（D）Placeswheretheseacucumbercanbefound

9.Inline3,theword"bizarre"isclosestinmeaning

to

（A）odd

（B）marine

（C）simple

（D）rare

10.AccordingtothePassage,whyistheshapeof

seacucumbersimportant?

（A）Ithelpsthemtodigesttheirfood.

（B）Ithelpsthemtoprotectthemselvesfrom

danger.

（C）Itmakesiteasierforthemtomovethrough

themud.

（D）Itmakesthemattractivetofish.

11.Thewords"thisfaculty"inline20refertothe

seacucumber'sabilityto

（A）squeezeintocrevices

（B）devourallavailablefoodinashorttime

（C）suckupmudorsand

（D）liveatalowmetabolicrate

12.Thefourthparagraphofthepassageprimarily

discusses

（A）thereproductionofseacucumbers

（B）thefoodsourcesofseacucumbers

（C）theeatinghabitsofseacucumbers

（D）threatstoseacucumbers'existence

13.Thephrase"castsoff"inline24isclosestin

meaningto

（A）growsagain

（B）grabs

（C）getsridof

（D）usesasaweapon

14.Ofallthecharacteristicsoftheseacucumber,

whichofthefollowingseemstofascinatethe

authormost?

（A）Whatitdoeswhenthreatened

（B）Whereitlives

（C）Howithidesfrompredators

（D）Whatiteats

15.Comparedwithotherseacreaturesthesea

cucumberisvery

（A）dangerous

（B）intelligent

（C）strange

（D）fat

16.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthedefense

mechanismsoftheseacucumber?

（A）Theyareverysensitivetosurrounding

stimuli.

（B）Theyarealmostuseless.

（C）Theyrequiregroupcooperation.

（D）Theyaresimilartothoseofmostsea

creatures.

17.WhichofthefollowingwouldNOTcauseasea

cucumbertoreleaseitsinternalorgansintothe

water?

（A）Atouch

（B）Food

（C）Unusuallywarmwater

（D）Pollution

18.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleof

behaviorcomparablewiththeseacucumber

livingatalowmetabolicrate?

（A）Anoctopusdefendingitselfwithitstentacles

（B）Abearhibernatinginthewinter

（C）Apigeatingconstantly

（D）Aparasitelivingonitshost'sblood

Exampletwo:

（没讲）

ElizabethHazenandRachelBrowncopatentedoneofthemostwidelyacclaimed

wonderdrugsofthepost-SecondWorldWaryears.HazenandBrown'sworkwas

stimulatedbythewartimeneedtofindacureforthefungusinfectionsthatafflicted

manymilitarypersonnel.Scientistshadbeenfeverishlysearchingforanantibiotic

5）toxicenoughtokillthefungibutsafeenoughforhumanuse,since,unfortunately,the

new"wonderdrugs"suchaspenicillinandstreptomycinkilledtheverybacteriainthe

bodythatcontrolledthefungi.Itwastodiscoverafungicidewithoutthatdoubleeffect

thatBrown,ofNewYorkState'sDepartmentofHealthinNewYork,begantheir

Hazen,seniormicrobiologistattheDepartmentofHealthinLaboratoriesatAlbany,and

10）long-distancecollaboration.BaseduponHazen'spreviousresearchatColumbia

University,whereshehadbuiltanimpressivecollectionoffunguscultures,bothwere

convincedthatanantifungalorganismalreadyexistedincertainsoils.

Theydividedthework.Hazenmethodicallyscreenedandculturedscoresofsoil

samples,whichshethensenttoherpartner,whopreparedextracts,isolatedand

15）purifiedactiveagents,andshippedthembacktoNewYork,whereHazencouldstudy

theirbiologicalproperties.Ona1948vacation.Hazenfortuitouslycollectedaclumpof

soilfromtheedgeofW.B.Nourse'scowpastureinFauquierCounty.Virginia,that,

whentested,revealedthepresenceofthemicroorganisms,InfarmownerNourse's

honor,HazennameditStreptomycesnoursei,andwithinayearthetwoscientistsknew

20）thatthepropertiesoftheirsubstancedistinguisheditfrompreviouslydescribed

antibiotics.Afterfurtherresearchtheyeventuallyreducedtheirsubstancetoafine,

yellowpowder,whichtheyfirstnamed"fungiciden,"thenrenamed"nystatin"

（tohonortheNewYorkStatelaboratory）whentheylearnedthepreviousnamewas

alreadyinuse.Oftheirmajordiscovery,Brownsaidlightlythatitsimplyillustrated

"howunpredictableconsequencescancomefromrathermodestbeginnings."

45.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

（A）ThelivesofHazenandBrown.

（B）Thedevelopmentofasafefungicide.

（C）TheNewYorkStateDepartmentofHealth.

（D）Thedevelopmentofpenicillin.

46.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabout

penicillin?

（A）Iteffectivelytreatsfungusinfections.

（B）Itwasdevelopedbeforenystatin.

（C）ItwasdevelopedtheSecondWorldWar.

（D）Oneoftheby-productsisnystatin.

47.WhydoestheauthormentionColumbia

Universityinlines10and11?

（A）HazenandBrowndevelopednystatinthere.

（B）Brownwaseducatedthere.

（C）Hazendidresearchthere.

（D）ItawardedaprizetoHazenandBrown.

48.Theword"both"inline11refersto

（A）HazenandBrown

（B）Penicillinandstreptomycin

（C）theDepartmentofHealthlaboratoriesat

AlbanyandNewYork

（D）doubleeffect

49.WhatsubstancedidBrownandHazen

analyze?

（A）Dirt

（B）Streptomycin

（C）Penicillin

（D）Bacteria

50.WhowasW.B.Bourse?

（A）Amicrobiologist

（B）AteacherofHazen's

（C）Acollectoroffungi

（D）Afarmer

Examplethree:

（没讲）

Fungi,ofwhichthereareover100,000species,includingyeastsandother

single-celledorganismsaswellasthecommonmoldsandmushrooms,were

formerlyclassifiedasmembersoftheplantkingdom.However,inrealitytheyare

Lineverydifferentfromplantsandtodaytheyareplacedinaseparategroupaltogether.

（5）Theprincipalreasonforthisisthatnoneofthempossesseschlorophyll,andsince

theycannotsynthesizetheirowncarbohydrates,theyobtaintheirsupplieseither

fromthebreakdownofdeadorganicmatterorfromotherlivingorganisms.

Furthermorethewallsoffungalcellsarenotmadeofcellulose,asthoseofplants

are,butofanothercomplexsugarlikepolymercalledchitin,thematerialfromwhich

（10）thehardouterskeletonsofshrimps,spiders,andinsectsaremade.Thedifference

betweenthechemicalcompositionofthecellwallsoffungiandthoseofplants

isofenormousimportancebecauseitenablesthetipsofthegrowinghyphae,the

threadlikecellsofthefungus,tosecreteenzymesthatbreakdownthewallsofplant

cellswithouthavinganyeffectonthoseofthefungusitself.Itisthesecellulose-

（15）destroyingenzymesthatenablefungitoattackanythingmadefromwood,wood

pulp,cotton,flax,orotherplantmaterial.

Thedestructivepoweroffungiisimpressive.Theyareamajorcauseofstructural

damagetobuildingtimbers,acauseofdiseaseinanimalsandhumans,andoneof

thegreatestcausesofagriculturallosses.Entirecropscanbewipedoutbyfungal

（20）attacksbothbeforeandafterharvesting.Somefungicangrowat+50°C,while

otherscangrowat-5°C,soevenfoodincoldstoragemaynotbecompletelysafe

fromthem.Ontheotherhand,fungibringaboutthedecompositionofdeadorganic

matter,thusenrichingthesoilandreturningcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere.They

alsoenterintoanumberofmutuallybeneficialrelationshipswithplantsandother

（25）organisms.Inaddition,fungiarethesourceofmanyofthemostpotentantibiotics

usedinclinicalmedicine,includingpenicillin.

11.Whatdoesparagraph1mainlydiscuss?

（A）Differencesbetweensimplyandcomplex

fungi

（B）Functionsofchlorophyllinplants

（C）Functionsofsugarinthewallsoffungal

cells

（D）Differencesbetweenfungiandplants