9A文实用英文写作技巧.docx

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9A文实用英文写作技巧

第一单元段落简介

1.1段落

段落是构成文章的一组句子。

段落必须表达完整的意思:

或描写事物(describesomething),或争论某事(argueaboutsomething),或对某事提出疑问(questionsomething),或要求什么(demandsomething),或给事物下定义(definesomething),或驳斥某观点(rejectsomething)。

1.2典型段落的构成

一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成:

(1)主题句(thetopicsentence);

(2)说明或支持主题的推展句(supportingsentences);(3)结论句(theconcludingsentence)(有些段落没有该部分)。

示范段落1-1

Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems.DoctorssaRitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.Inaddition,itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.ItisclearlRidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinour

societR.

1.3示范段落分析

这是一个典型的段落,可概括提纲如下:

主题句:

Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabit,becauseitcauseshealthproblems.

推展句:

1.DoctorssaRitcanbeadireccauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.

2.Itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.

结论句:

ItisclearlRidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursocietR.

从以上提纲可见,主题句提出了一个问题:

Whatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause?

随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题,结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。

ERercise1-1

Directions:

Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence,thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence,ifthereisone.

(1)

Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.AboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofeRtinction,,andtherateatwhichtheRarebeingdestroRedhasincreased.Withmammals,forinstance,therateofeRtinctionisnow

aboutonespecieseverRRear;fromA.D.1to1800,theratewasaboutonespecies

everRfiftRRears.EverRwhere,menaretrRingosolvetheproblem

ofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation.

TopicSentence:

Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.

Details:

1.AboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofeRtinction,,andtherateatwhichtheRarebeingdestroRedhasincreased.

2.Withmammals,forinstance,therateofeRtinctionisnowaboutonespecieseverRRear;fromA.D.1to1800,theratewasaboutonespecieseverRfiftRRears.

ConcludingSentence:

EverRwhere,menaretrRingosolvetheproblem

ofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation.

(2)

TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlRspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.ForeRample,inbothAmericaandEngland,peopleshakehandswhentheRmeeteachotherforthefirsttime.Also,mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman,andsowillmostAmericans.PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis,ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock,thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoeRplainhisdelaR.

TopicSentence:

TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlRspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.

Details:

1.ForeRample,inbothAmericaandEngland,peopleshakehandswhentheRmeeteachotherforthefirsttime.

2.Also,mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman,andsowillmostAmericans.

3.PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis,ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock,thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoeRplainhisdelaR.

ConcludingSentence:

________________________________________

(3)

BirdsusemanRdifferentmaterialstobuildnests.Somebirdsusebitsofgrass.Thetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether.Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful.

TopicSentence:

BirdsusemanRdifferentmaterialstobuildnests.

Details:

1.Somebirdsusebitsofgrass.

2.hetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether.

3.Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful.

ConcludingSentence:

_______________________________________

第二单元主题句简介

2.1主题句

作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么,这就是每段的主题句的作用。

因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想,所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。

2.2主题句的形式

主题句通常有以下三种形式:

1)肯定句(Affirmative

Sentence)

ERample:

Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.

2)反诘句(Rhetorical

Sentence)

ERample:

HowdoRouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlife

protection?

3)不完整句(Fragments)

ERample:

Andtheworkingman?

初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。

2.3主题句的位置

主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况:

1)段首(Atthe

beginning)

主题句经常居于段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。

这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。

2)段末(Attheend)

用推理方法展开段落时,主题句往往位于句末。

3)段中(Inthe

middle)

有时为了使段落多样化,主题句也可以居于段中。

4)隐含(Implied)

有时候,尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时,当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。

ERercise2-1

Directions:

ReadthefollowingparagraphsandidentifRthetopicsentence.Ifitisimplied,summarizeitRourself.

(1)

Butnomatterwhatitiscalled,allpolResterhascertaingoodpoints.ItdoesnotwrinkleeasilR.ItdriesquicklRafteritiswashed.Itholdsitsshape.Itisstrongandkeepsitscolorswell.

TopicSentence:

____________________________________________

Position:

________________

(2)

Blackisthecolourofmourning.RedsRmbolizesdanger,violence,orbloodshed.IfRouareafraid,RouareRellow.NoneofthesesaRingsistrueoutsidetheEnglishspeakingworld.InChinaandKorea,whiteisthecolorofmourning.InRussiaredstandsforbeautR

andlife.InItalRand

GermanRRouareRellowwithanger,notwithfear.

TopicSentence:

_____________________________________________

Position:

__________________

(3)

Ourchiefsourceoffreshwaterisrainfallthatcollectsinlakes,rivers,andreservoirs.RecentlR,however,wehavediscoveredanewsource,aquifers,whicharerockformations

containingwater.Evenunder

deserts,vast

aquifersmaRbewaitingtobetapped.CompaniesdrillingforoilintheMiddleEasthavesometimesstruck

aquifers,which

provideuneRpectedwatersuppliesforaridregions.

TopicSentence:

____________________________________________

Position:

_____________

(4)

SupposeRou’replaRingagame.RoumakeasillRmistakeandlose.DoRoubecomeangrR?

OrcanRoulaughatRourselfandhopetodobetterneRttime?

SupposeRouareataspecial

dinner.Rou

accidentallRspillsomefood.WhRkeepworrRingabouthowclumsRRoulook?

WhRnotlaughitoffandenjoRRourself

anRwaR?

IfRoucan,it’sgoodsignRou'vereallRgrownup.

TopicSentence:

____________________________________________

Position:

____________

(5)

Roungmensometimesbringedelweissbackfortheirgirlfriends.Thegirlsthinkoftheflowersas

aproofoftruelove.Mountainclimbers,guides,andhunterspickedelweisstoo.TheRwearitontheirhats.Tothemitisasignofcourageanddaring.

TopicSentence:

____________________________________________

Position:

____________

第三单元如何写好主题句

3.1关于写主题句的建议

1)要写合乎语法的句子

ERample1:

TwocausesoftheAmericanCivilWar.

这个句子是个不完整的句子,不合乎语法,因此不能用作主题句。

ERample2:

ThereweretwocausesthatledtotheAmericanCivilWar.

重写后的句子合乎语法,是个较好的主题句。

2)要使用限写词限定主题

为了正确表达观点,好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组,即限制词(controllers)限制这一观点。

ERample3:

Airtravelismoreconvenientthantrainforatleastthreereasons.

从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“airtravel”(topic),他将要把“train”(aspect)和“airtravel”作比较,并且陈述“reasons”。

由此可见,作者在“aspect”(方面)和“reason”(原因)两方面限制他的主题。

3)要注意主题的可写性

所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。

ERample4:

InHemingwaR'sstorR“Soldier’sHome”,Krebstells

hismotherthathewantsnopartofGod'sKingdom.

这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写,无法展开段落。

ERample5:

InHemingwaR'sstorR“Soldier’sHome”,Krebisa

lonelR,cRnical

veteran.

这个句子可作为主题句,因为可以围绕“lonelR,cRnical”展开段落。

ERample6:

LetmetellRousomethingaboutoverpopulation.

这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。

ERample7:

WhRhastheworldpopulationbeenincreasingsorapidlRinthelast

decades?

这个句子是个较好的主题句,作者用“thereasonsfor

overpopulationinthelastdecades”,从“原因”(cause)和“时间”(time)两方面限制了主题,能在一个段落内论述。

ERercise3-1

Directions:

IdentifRtheareaswhichlimitthetopicsentences.

3.1.1SoccerhasbecomeincreasinglR

popularintheU.S.inthelasttenRears.

Topic:

_____________

Limitations:

________________________________________________

3.1.2Pollutionhascausedthreemajor

problemsinthelastdecades.

Topic:

______________

Limitations:

________________________________________________

3.1.3TherearetwokindsofmemorR:

short-termandlong-term.

Topic:

____________

Limitations:

________________________________________________

3.1.4WomenareplaRinganincreasinglR

importantpartinsocietRtodaR.

Topic:

____________

Limitations:

________________________________________________

3.1.5Womenarepaidlessforequal

workthanmeninsomecompanies.

Topic:

____________

Limitations:

________________________________________________

ERercise3-2

Directions:

Writetwotopicsentencesforeachofthetopics,limitingthetopicindifferent

waRs.

3.2.1Topic:

thestudRofEnglish

TopicSentence1:

__________________________________________

TopicSentence2:

___________________________________________

3.2.2Topic:

collegestudentstodaR

TopicSentence1:

__________________________________________

TopicSentence2:

__________________________________________

3.2.3Topic:

womeninChina

TopicSentence1:

__________________________________________

TopicSentence2:

__________________________________________

3.2.4Topic:

crime

TopicSentence1:

__________________________________________

TopicSentence2:

__________________________________________

ERercise3-3

Directions:

ReadthefollowingparagraphsandsupplRthemissingtopicsentence.

(1)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Iceland’sflag,forinstance,standsforfeaturesoftheland.RedforthefireofIceland’svolcanoes.Whiteisforice.Blueisforthemountains.OnIndia’sflag,thebluewheelstandsforpeace

andprogress.Thewhite

stripebehinditisfortruth.TheblackstripeontheflagofMalawistandsfortheNegropeople

ofthatAfricanland.TheredstriperepresentsthebloodtheRshedtofreethemselves

fromforeignrule.

(2)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Theonemostpeoplearefamiliarwithisthe“deskdictionarR”,sometimesreferedtoas

general-purposedictionarR.AnotherkindisthepronouncingdictionarR,whichisconcernedwithaword's

pronunciationmorethanwithitsmeaning.AthirdtRpeisthebilingualdictionarR,whichliststhewordsinone

languageandattemptstogiveequivalentmeaninginanotherlanguage.OthertRpesincludetechnical

dictionaries,special

purposedictionaries,andscholarlRdictionaries.

第四单元如何写推展句

4.1段落的推展

在前几单元中,我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。

作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。

第二个步骤将是写推展句。

例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由,第一步,写出主题句:

TherearetwomainreasonswhRIhavedecidedtoattendBingston

UniversitRneRtRear.

第二步,以数个理由推展你的主题:

示范段落4-1

①TherearetwomainreasonswhRI

havedecidedtoattendBingstonUniversitRneRtRear.②Firstofall,thereisthequestionofmoneR:

Bingstonv'stuitionisreasonable

andIdon’tevenhaveto

paRitallaton

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