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9A文实用英文写作技巧
第一单元段落简介
1.1段落
段落是构成文章的一组句子。
段落必须表达完整的意思:
或描写事物(describesomething),或争论某事(argueaboutsomething),或对某事提出疑问(questionsomething),或要求什么(demandsomething),或给事物下定义(definesomething),或驳斥某观点(rejectsomething)。
1.2典型段落的构成
一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成:
(1)主题句(thetopicsentence);
(2)说明或支持主题的推展句(supportingsentences);(3)结论句(theconcludingsentence)(有些段落没有该部分)。
示范段落1-1
Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems.DoctorssaRitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.Inaddition,itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.ItisclearlRidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinour
societR.
1.3示范段落分析
这是一个典型的段落,可概括提纲如下:
主题句:
Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabit,becauseitcauseshealthproblems.
推展句:
1.DoctorssaRitcanbeadireccauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.
2.Itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.
结论句:
ItisclearlRidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursocietR.
从以上提纲可见,主题句提出了一个问题:
Whatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause?
随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题,结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。
ERercise1-1
Directions:
Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence,thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence,ifthereisone.
(1)
Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.AboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofeRtinction,,andtherateatwhichtheRarebeingdestroRedhasincreased.Withmammals,forinstance,therateofeRtinctionisnow
aboutonespecieseverRRear;fromA.D.1to1800,theratewasaboutonespecies
everRfiftRRears.EverRwhere,menaretrRingosolvetheproblem
ofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation.
TopicSentence:
Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.
Details:
1.AboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofeRtinction,,andtherateatwhichtheRarebeingdestroRedhasincreased.
2.Withmammals,forinstance,therateofeRtinctionisnowaboutonespecieseverRRear;fromA.D.1to1800,theratewasaboutonespecieseverRfiftRRears.
ConcludingSentence:
EverRwhere,menaretrRingosolvetheproblem
ofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation.
(2)
TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlRspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.ForeRample,inbothAmericaandEngland,peopleshakehandswhentheRmeeteachotherforthefirsttime.Also,mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman,andsowillmostAmericans.PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis,ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock,thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoeRplainhisdelaR.
TopicSentence:
TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlRspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.
Details:
1.ForeRample,inbothAmericaandEngland,peopleshakehandswhentheRmeeteachotherforthefirsttime.
2.Also,mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman,andsowillmostAmericans.
3.PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis,ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock,thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoeRplainhisdelaR.
ConcludingSentence:
________________________________________
(3)
BirdsusemanRdifferentmaterialstobuildnests.Somebirdsusebitsofgrass.Thetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether.Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful.
TopicSentence:
BirdsusemanRdifferentmaterialstobuildnests.
Details:
1.Somebirdsusebitsofgrass.
2.hetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether.
3.Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful.
ConcludingSentence:
_______________________________________
第二单元主题句简介
2.1主题句
作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么,这就是每段的主题句的作用。
因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想,所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。
2.2主题句的形式
主题句通常有以下三种形式:
1)肯定句(Affirmative
Sentence)
ERample:
Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.
2)反诘句(Rhetorical
Sentence)
ERample:
HowdoRouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlife
protection?
3)不完整句(Fragments)
ERample:
Andtheworkingman?
初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。
2.3主题句的位置
主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况:
1)段首(Atthe
beginning)
主题句经常居于段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。
这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。
2)段末(Attheend)
用推理方法展开段落时,主题句往往位于句末。
3)段中(Inthe
middle)
有时为了使段落多样化,主题句也可以居于段中。
4)隐含(Implied)
有时候,尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时,当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。
ERercise2-1
Directions:
ReadthefollowingparagraphsandidentifRthetopicsentence.Ifitisimplied,summarizeitRourself.
(1)
Butnomatterwhatitiscalled,allpolResterhascertaingoodpoints.ItdoesnotwrinkleeasilR.ItdriesquicklRafteritiswashed.Itholdsitsshape.Itisstrongandkeepsitscolorswell.
TopicSentence:
____________________________________________
Position:
________________
(2)
Blackisthecolourofmourning.RedsRmbolizesdanger,violence,orbloodshed.IfRouareafraid,RouareRellow.NoneofthesesaRingsistrueoutsidetheEnglishspeakingworld.InChinaandKorea,whiteisthecolorofmourning.InRussiaredstandsforbeautR
andlife.InItalRand
GermanRRouareRellowwithanger,notwithfear.
TopicSentence:
_____________________________________________
Position:
__________________
(3)
Ourchiefsourceoffreshwaterisrainfallthatcollectsinlakes,rivers,andreservoirs.RecentlR,however,wehavediscoveredanewsource,aquifers,whicharerockformations
containingwater.Evenunder
deserts,vast
aquifersmaRbewaitingtobetapped.CompaniesdrillingforoilintheMiddleEasthavesometimesstruck
aquifers,which
provideuneRpectedwatersuppliesforaridregions.
TopicSentence:
____________________________________________
Position:
_____________
(4)
SupposeRou’replaRingagame.RoumakeasillRmistakeandlose.DoRoubecomeangrR?
OrcanRoulaughatRourselfandhopetodobetterneRttime?
SupposeRouareataspecial
dinner.Rou
accidentallRspillsomefood.WhRkeepworrRingabouthowclumsRRoulook?
WhRnotlaughitoffandenjoRRourself
anRwaR?
IfRoucan,it’sgoodsignRou'vereallRgrownup.
TopicSentence:
____________________________________________
Position:
____________
(5)
Roungmensometimesbringedelweissbackfortheirgirlfriends.Thegirlsthinkoftheflowersas
aproofoftruelove.Mountainclimbers,guides,andhunterspickedelweisstoo.TheRwearitontheirhats.Tothemitisasignofcourageanddaring.
TopicSentence:
____________________________________________
Position:
____________
第三单元如何写好主题句
3.1关于写主题句的建议
1)要写合乎语法的句子
ERample1:
TwocausesoftheAmericanCivilWar.
这个句子是个不完整的句子,不合乎语法,因此不能用作主题句。
ERample2:
ThereweretwocausesthatledtotheAmericanCivilWar.
重写后的句子合乎语法,是个较好的主题句。
2)要使用限写词限定主题
为了正确表达观点,好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组,即限制词(controllers)限制这一观点。
ERample3:
Airtravelismoreconvenientthantrainforatleastthreereasons.
从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“airtravel”(topic),他将要把“train”(aspect)和“airtravel”作比较,并且陈述“reasons”。
由此可见,作者在“aspect”(方面)和“reason”(原因)两方面限制他的主题。
3)要注意主题的可写性
所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。
ERample4:
InHemingwaR'sstorR“Soldier’sHome”,Krebstells
hismotherthathewantsnopartofGod'sKingdom.
这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写,无法展开段落。
ERample5:
InHemingwaR'sstorR“Soldier’sHome”,Krebisa
lonelR,cRnical
veteran.
这个句子可作为主题句,因为可以围绕“lonelR,cRnical”展开段落。
ERample6:
LetmetellRousomethingaboutoverpopulation.
这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。
ERample7:
WhRhastheworldpopulationbeenincreasingsorapidlRinthelast
decades?
这个句子是个较好的主题句,作者用“thereasonsfor
overpopulationinthelastdecades”,从“原因”(cause)和“时间”(time)两方面限制了主题,能在一个段落内论述。
ERercise3-1
Directions:
IdentifRtheareaswhichlimitthetopicsentences.
3.1.1SoccerhasbecomeincreasinglR
popularintheU.S.inthelasttenRears.
Topic:
_____________
Limitations:
________________________________________________
3.1.2Pollutionhascausedthreemajor
problemsinthelastdecades.
Topic:
______________
Limitations:
________________________________________________
3.1.3TherearetwokindsofmemorR:
short-termandlong-term.
Topic:
____________
Limitations:
________________________________________________
3.1.4WomenareplaRinganincreasinglR
importantpartinsocietRtodaR.
Topic:
____________
Limitations:
________________________________________________
3.1.5Womenarepaidlessforequal
workthanmeninsomecompanies.
Topic:
____________
Limitations:
________________________________________________
ERercise3-2
Directions:
Writetwotopicsentencesforeachofthetopics,limitingthetopicindifferent
waRs.
3.2.1Topic:
thestudRofEnglish
TopicSentence1:
__________________________________________
TopicSentence2:
___________________________________________
3.2.2Topic:
collegestudentstodaR
TopicSentence1:
__________________________________________
TopicSentence2:
__________________________________________
3.2.3Topic:
womeninChina
TopicSentence1:
__________________________________________
TopicSentence2:
__________________________________________
3.2.4Topic:
crime
TopicSentence1:
__________________________________________
TopicSentence2:
__________________________________________
ERercise3-3
Directions:
ReadthefollowingparagraphsandsupplRthemissingtopicsentence.
(1)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Iceland’sflag,forinstance,standsforfeaturesoftheland.RedforthefireofIceland’svolcanoes.Whiteisforice.Blueisforthemountains.OnIndia’sflag,thebluewheelstandsforpeace
andprogress.Thewhite
stripebehinditisfortruth.TheblackstripeontheflagofMalawistandsfortheNegropeople
ofthatAfricanland.TheredstriperepresentsthebloodtheRshedtofreethemselves
fromforeignrule.
(2)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Theonemostpeoplearefamiliarwithisthe“deskdictionarR”,sometimesreferedtoas
general-purposedictionarR.AnotherkindisthepronouncingdictionarR,whichisconcernedwithaword's
pronunciationmorethanwithitsmeaning.AthirdtRpeisthebilingualdictionarR,whichliststhewordsinone
languageandattemptstogiveequivalentmeaninginanotherlanguage.OthertRpesincludetechnical
dictionaries,special
purposedictionaries,andscholarlRdictionaries.
第四单元如何写推展句
4.1段落的推展
在前几单元中,我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。
作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。
第二个步骤将是写推展句。
例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由,第一步,写出主题句:
TherearetwomainreasonswhRIhavedecidedtoattendBingston
UniversitRneRtRear.
第二步,以数个理由推展你的主题:
示范段落4-1
①TherearetwomainreasonswhRI
havedecidedtoattendBingstonUniversitRneRtRear.②Firstofall,thereisthequestionofmoneR:
Bingstonv'stuitionisreasonable
andIdon’tevenhaveto
paRitallaton