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专升本语法
语法
第一节名词
一、名词的单复数形式
名词分一般包括专有名词和普通名词;普通名词又包括可数名词与不可数名词;可数名词的复数形式有规则的和不规则的,规则的在此不在赘述,而不规则的在此讲解一下:
1.某些外来词直接+s:
kilos(公里)autos(汽车)pianos(钢琴)photos(照片)
2.以oo结尾或元音字母+o结尾直接+s:
bamboos(竹子)radiosstudiosratios(比率)zoos
3.直接+s的还有:
beliefs—信念cliffs—悬崖chiefs—首领proofs—证据roofs—屋顶
4.古英语特殊的复数形式:
mouse—miceox—oxenwoman—women
5.来源于希腊或腊丁语的名词:
thesis—theses(论文);medium—media(媒体);phenomenon—phenomena(现象);analysis-analyses(分析);bacterium-bacteria(细菌)。
6.合成名词的复数形式一般加在主体名词上:
brothers-in-lawlookers-onpassers-by
而无主体名词则加在最后,go-betweens(中间人。
)
7.另外fish,fruit用作复数时表示种类。
Icaughtafish。
(我捉了一条鱼)
Therearevariousfihesintheaquarium。
(水族馆里有各种各样的鱼)
8.部分不可数名词加s后,意思发生变化。
advice(建议)-advices(通知);air(空气)-airs(傲气);arm(手臂)-arms(武器);content(内容)-contents(目录);custom(习惯)-customs(海关);emotion(情感)-emotions(情绪);experience(经验)-experiences(经历);good-goods;green-greens(青菜)manner(方式)-manners(礼貌);paper-papers(文件);time-times(时代);work-works(著作)
二、名词的所有格和双重所有格
名词的所有格的一般形式不再赘述,Shehaslost______pen.Willyoulendher_______?
A.her,yourBhers,yoursC.your,her
.her,yours
特殊情况有:
如果某物为两人共有则只在最后人的后面+’s,例如MaryandJane’scar;如果某物为两人两个人分别所有则分别在每个人的后面+’s例如:
Mary’sandJane’scar;双重所有格一般用of+名词’s如:
afriendofmymother’s.
三、姓氏+s表示一家人thesmiths(史密斯一家),因为以s结尾直接+’即可.thesmiths’(史密斯一家的住所)。
四、名词做定语不再+s如:
Couldyoupleasetellmetheforbiology457andchemistry610?
A.room’snumbers
.roomnumbersC.roomsnumbersD.numbersofrooms
Theconferencewasorganizedforalloftheinthestate.
A.matchematicteachersB.matchematic’steachers
C.matchematics’teachers
.matchematicsteachers
另外名词做定语和+ed的形容词做定语是有区别的.名词做定语表示的则是某样东西的质地、来源、目的、用途。
agoldwatchroomnumberdressshoptablelampfootmatch;而+ed的形容词做定语则表示某人或事物的特征和状态。
fast-pacedmodernlife
另外:
数词+名词作定语,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:
two-dozeneggs;aten-milewalk
Two-hundredtreesafive-yearplan
五、关于名词作定语与形容词的区别
虽然名词可以代替形容词做定语,但并不是所有的名词都可以做定语,有时二者在意义和功能方面差别很大,一般来说,形容词表示的是东西的性能、形状、颜色等;而名词表示的则是某样东西的质地、来源、目的、用途。
试比较:
goldensun--goldsunchildstar--childishvoice
philosophyteacher--philosophicalattitudebeautycontest--beautifulweather
lunchroomtablelampdressshopmathematicsteacherroomnumberbusdriver
shoestore
六、名词和数词组成的定语的复合结构
athree-weekholiday与athreeweeks’holiday都对
Dr.Joneshasadaughter.
A.five-years-old
five-year-oldC.five-yearoldD.fiveyearsold
Thenewly-builtlibraryisabuilding.
A.five-storyedB.fivestorys
.five-storyedD.fivestorys’
七、名词的形近词
1.altitude海拔attitude态度
2.angel天使angle角度
3.bleed流血breed品种braze微风
4.campaign战役champion冠军champagne香槟酒
5.conservation保护preservation保留preservation保管
6.defect缺陷infect感染
7.Immigrant移民emigrant向国外移民migrant移居者
8.personnel人事personal个人的
9.relief减轻belife信念
10.tune曲调旋律tone语气、同语调
11.transformation转变transmission传播transportation运输
transition过渡transaction处理
12.Wonder奇迹wander流浪
13.initiative初步initiator创始者initial最初的initition开始
14.Complement补充物contamination污染compliment称赞
15.fraction部分、分数fiction小说function功能friction冲突
16.hospitality好客hostility敌意humanity人道hostage人质
17.implement工具complement补充物instrument仪器
18.coward懦夫cowherd牧牛者shepherd牧羊人
19.Influence影响affluence丰富
八、名词练习
1.AccordingtotheAmericanfederalgovernment,residentsofHawaiihavethelongestlife______:
77.2years(2001)
A.rank职位
.span一段时间、期限、时期C.scale规模D.scope范围
2.Whenshewascriticized,sheclaimedthatitwasoutsideher_____ofresponsible.(1994)
A.field
.rangeC.extentD.limit
3.Thestormhascaused_____tothisregion.
A.manydemagesB.muchdamages
.muchdemageD.fewdemages
4.Mr.Wanghasa_______danghter.
Athree-years-oldB.threeyearsold
.three-year-oldD.three-year-olds
6.Allthe______inthehospitalwillgetarisetomorrow.
A.women-doctors
womendoctorsC.womandoctorsD.doctorsofwomen
7.Wearegoingtohave______quiz.
A.afewminutesB..afewminute
.afewminutes’D..afewminute’s
8.Pleasegivemea_______forthemoneyIampayingyou
A.note
receiptC.signD.poster
9.Ifyouwanttoseeadoctor,youmakeaappointmentwithhiminadvance.Thatisacommon______intheU.S.
A.habit
customC.practiseD.fashion
10.Whycan’tyoudothissmall____forme?
I’vhelpedyouoftenenoughinthepast.
A.commandB.demandC.effect
.favour
11.Thetraveller’spassportestablishedhis________。
A.proofB.evidence
.identityD.case
12.Tellmethenamesofthe______inthisroom
A.elementsB.mattersC.substances
.objects
13.Itisabsolutedlyforbiddentomakeany______onyournewdesks.
A.singalB.codeC.sign
.mark
14.Manypeoplecomplainabouttherapid______ofmodernlife
A.rateB.speed
.paceD.growth
15.whenhewasatschool,hewonfirst______forgoodbehavior.
A.reward
.prizeC.priceD.present
16.Forabeautycompetitionyouneedaprettyfaceandagood________
A.fashionB.formation
figureD.frame
17.Inordertobuyhishousehehadtoobtainalarge______fromhisbank.
A.loanB.finance
.capitalD.debt
18.Thesocialsecutitysystemprovides________forretiredcitizens
A.wagesB.profitsC.rewards
.pensions
19.Therearetwo_______inourschool
A.Mary
MarysC.MaryesD.Maries
20.Weare_______,Theyare_______
A.Chinese,JapaneseB.Chineses,JapanesesC.Chineses,Japanese
.Chinese,Japaneses
21.Youare______,Theyare_______
A.Englishman,GermanB.Englishman,Germen
.Englishmen,GermansD.Englishmans,Germans
22.InBritainthe______areallprintedred.
A.letterboxB.letterboxesC.lettersboxD.lettersboxes
23.Thestudentsshouldhandintheir_______beforenextFriday.
A.thesisB.thesisesC.thesesD.thesesis
24.Let’sstopbythe_____onthewayhome.
A.booksstoreB.book’sstoreC.bookstoreD.storeofbooks
25.I’msorry,Iforgotbothofthe________
A.roomsnumberB.roomnumberC.room’snumberD.roomnumbers
26.I`mgoingtosee______gardenthisafternoon.
A.theSmith’sB.theSmiths’C.theSmithsD.theSmith
27.My________friendisaDoctorofLaws.
A.sister-in-lawBsister-in-law’sC.sister`s-in-law`sD.sister`s-in-law
28.Doyoulike_______.
A.sportB.sportsC.asportD.thesports
29.Tom’shandwritingismuchbetterthan
A.anyoneelesB.anyone’selse’sC.anyone’s
.anyoneelse’s
30.Mygrandmahadbutshehassome.
A.beautifulhairs,whithairsB.beautifulhair,whithair
C.beautifulhair,whithairsD.beautifulhairs,whithair
注:
hair泛指头发时为不可数名词,若指具体几根头发时为可数名词。
Kitahasdonemanyinterestingthings,sheshouldwriteabookabouther.
A.experienceB.experiencesC.anexperienceD.someexperiences
注:
experience做经验时是不可数名词,做经历时是可数名词;又因为冠词和some不可与物主代词同时并用修饰名词,故B是正确选择。
Manycountriesareincreasingheruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof.
A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material
注:
gas,wind均属于energy
Thedentistdidn’ttellmehowmanyIshouldpayforpullingoutthetooth.
A.moneyB.dollarsC.fundsD.monies
Wesawalotof.
A.cowandsheepB.cowsandsheepsC.cowandsheepsD.cowsandsheep
Juliewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.
A.shoesstoreB.shoestoreC.shoe’sstoresD.shoe’sstore
第二节动词
一、主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell,drive…
Thebooksellswell. 这本书销路好。
Thisknifecutseasily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame,let(出租),remain,keep,rent,build
Iwastoblamefortheaccident.
Muchworkremains.
3)在need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.
Thisroomneedscleaning.这房间应该打扫一下。
Thisbookisworthreading. 这本书值得一读。
4)特殊结构:
makesb.heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己),havesth.done(要某人做某事)。
二、被动形式表示主动意义
bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated(from),befinished,beprepared(for),beoccupied(in),getmarries
Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意:
表示同某人结婚,用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.都可。
Hemarriedarichgirl.
Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.
三、易混淆的词ConfusingWords
1.HarvardUniversity,which_______in1963,isoneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheUSA
A.foundB.foundedC.wasfoundD.wasfounded
2.“DidyouseethebookIboughtyesterday?
”
“Yes,Isawit______heretenminutesago.”
A.lyingB.tolieC.lieingD.laying
3.Mr.Brown’schildrenhaveverygoodmannersbecausetheyhavebeenwell______
A.brouhgtinB.broughtoutC.broughtupD.broughttogether
4.Wewanthimtoretirebuthewon’t____toit.
A.acceptB.admitC.agreeD.allow
5.I’dliketo______aspecialseatfortheconcertofMay5
A.serveB.reserveC.preserveD.conserve
6.MrJones_______theconferenceinTokyolastyear.
A.attendedB.participatedC.presentedD.tookpart
7.Themedicinewill_______yougood.
A.doB.saveC.giveD.help
8.I_______ananswertomyletterwithinafewdays.
A.hopeB.waitC.lookforwardD.expect
9.Ihesitatedto_____himwhathadreallyhappened
A.sayB.speakC.tellD.talk
10Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.
A.sit
.sitonC.besatD.besaton
动词不定式连同它的介词一起作定语或状语
11.Ithasbeenrainingfortwoweeks.
A.onandoutB.onandoffC.awayandwayD.onandup
onandoff时断时续
12.Theyknewherverywell,Theyhadseenherupfromchildhood.
AgrowB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow
注:
感官动词
13.TheMayorofthetownisa______oldman.
A.respectiveB.respectfulC.respetableD.respect
各自的、分别的尊敬的、恭敬的体面地、值得尊敬的
14.There+be+不定式结构中,动词的主动形式表示被动的意思。
Therearesomeletterstopost.
Wehavelesstime,butthereismoreworktoday.
tocompleteB.completingC.tobecompletedD.beingcompleted
Sincewehavn’tseeneachotherfortenyears,therearealotofthings.
A.sayingB.tobesaid
.tosayD.beingsaid
Ihavenoobjection________yo