专升本语法.docx

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专升本语法

语法

第一节名词

一、名词的单复数形式

名词分一般包括专有名词和普通名词;普通名词又包括可数名词与不可数名词;可数名词的复数形式有规则的和不规则的,规则的在此不在赘述,而不规则的在此讲解一下:

1.某些外来词直接+s:

kilos(公里)autos(汽车)pianos(钢琴)photos(照片)

2.以oo结尾或元音字母+o结尾直接+s:

bamboos(竹子)radiosstudiosratios(比率)zoos

3.直接+s的还有:

beliefs—信念cliffs—悬崖chiefs—首领proofs—证据roofs—屋顶

4.古英语特殊的复数形式:

mouse—miceox—oxenwoman—women

5.来源于希腊或腊丁语的名词:

thesis—theses(论文);medium—media(媒体);phenomenon—phenomena(现象);analysis-analyses(分析);bacterium-bacteria(细菌)。

6.合成名词的复数形式一般加在主体名词上:

brothers-in-lawlookers-onpassers-by

而无主体名词则加在最后,go-betweens(中间人。

7.另外fish,fruit用作复数时表示种类。

Icaughtafish。

(我捉了一条鱼)

Therearevariousfihesintheaquarium。

(水族馆里有各种各样的鱼)

8.部分不可数名词加s后,意思发生变化。

advice(建议)-advices(通知);air(空气)-airs(傲气);arm(手臂)-arms(武器);content(内容)-contents(目录);custom(习惯)-customs(海关);emotion(情感)-emotions(情绪);experience(经验)-experiences(经历);good-goods;green-greens(青菜)manner(方式)-manners(礼貌);paper-papers(文件);time-times(时代);work-works(著作)

二、名词的所有格和双重所有格

名词的所有格的一般形式不再赘述,Shehaslost______pen.Willyoulendher_______?

A.her,yourBhers,yoursC.your,her

.her,yours

特殊情况有:

如果某物为两人共有则只在最后人的后面+’s,例如MaryandJane’scar;如果某物为两人两个人分别所有则分别在每个人的后面+’s例如:

Mary’sandJane’scar;双重所有格一般用of+名词’s如:

afriendofmymother’s.

三、姓氏+s表示一家人thesmiths(史密斯一家),因为以s结尾直接+’即可.thesmiths’(史密斯一家的住所)。

四、名词做定语不再+s如:

Couldyoupleasetellmetheforbiology457andchemistry610?

A.room’snumbers

.roomnumbersC.roomsnumbersD.numbersofrooms

Theconferencewasorganizedforalloftheinthestate.

A.matchematicteachersB.matchematic’steachers

C.matchematics’teachers

.matchematicsteachers

另外名词做定语和+ed的形容词做定语是有区别的.名词做定语表示的则是某样东西的质地、来源、目的、用途。

agoldwatchroomnumberdressshoptablelampfootmatch;而+ed的形容词做定语则表示某人或事物的特征和状态。

fast-pacedmodernlife

另外:

数词+名词作定语,这个名词一般保留单数形式。

如:

two-dozeneggs;aten-milewalk

Two-hundredtreesafive-yearplan

五、关于名词作定语与形容词的区别

虽然名词可以代替形容词做定语,但并不是所有的名词都可以做定语,有时二者在意义和功能方面差别很大,一般来说,形容词表示的是东西的性能、形状、颜色等;而名词表示的则是某样东西的质地、来源、目的、用途。

试比较:

goldensun--goldsunchildstar--childishvoice

philosophyteacher--philosophicalattitudebeautycontest--beautifulweather

lunchroomtablelampdressshopmathematicsteacherroomnumberbusdriver

shoestore

六、名词和数词组成的定语的复合结构

athree-weekholiday与athreeweeks’holiday都对

Dr.Joneshasadaughter.

A.five-years-old

five-year-oldC.five-yearoldD.fiveyearsold

Thenewly-builtlibraryisabuilding.

A.five-storyedB.fivestorys

.five-storyedD.fivestorys’

七、名词的形近词

1.altitude海拔attitude态度

2.angel天使angle角度

3.bleed流血breed品种braze微风

4.campaign战役champion冠军champagne香槟酒

5.conservation保护preservation保留preservation保管

6.defect缺陷infect感染

7.Immigrant移民emigrant向国外移民migrant移居者

8.personnel人事personal个人的

9.relief减轻belife信念

10.tune曲调旋律tone语气、同语调

11.transformation转变transmission传播transportation运输

transition过渡transaction处理

12.Wonder奇迹wander流浪

13.initiative初步initiator创始者initial最初的initition开始

14.Complement补充物contamination污染compliment称赞

15.fraction部分、分数fiction小说function功能friction冲突

16.hospitality好客hostility敌意humanity人道hostage人质

17.implement工具complement补充物instrument仪器

18.coward懦夫cowherd牧牛者shepherd牧羊人

19.Influence影响affluence丰富

八、名词练习

1.AccordingtotheAmericanfederalgovernment,residentsofHawaiihavethelongestlife______:

77.2years(2001)

A.rank职位

.span一段时间、期限、时期C.scale规模D.scope范围

2.Whenshewascriticized,sheclaimedthatitwasoutsideher_____ofresponsible.(1994)

A.field

.rangeC.extentD.limit

3.Thestormhascaused_____tothisregion.

A.manydemagesB.muchdamages

.muchdemageD.fewdemages

4.Mr.Wanghasa_______danghter.

Athree-years-oldB.threeyearsold

.three-year-oldD.three-year-olds

6.Allthe______inthehospitalwillgetarisetomorrow.

A.women-doctors

womendoctorsC.womandoctorsD.doctorsofwomen

7.Wearegoingtohave______quiz.

A.afewminutesB..afewminute

.afewminutes’D..afewminute’s

8.Pleasegivemea_______forthemoneyIampayingyou

A.note

receiptC.signD.poster

9.Ifyouwanttoseeadoctor,youmakeaappointmentwithhiminadvance.Thatisacommon______intheU.S.

A.habit

customC.practiseD.fashion

10.Whycan’tyoudothissmall____forme?

I’vhelpedyouoftenenoughinthepast.

A.commandB.demandC.effect

.favour

11.Thetraveller’spassportestablishedhis________。

A.proofB.evidence

.identityD.case

12.Tellmethenamesofthe______inthisroom

A.elementsB.mattersC.substances

.objects

13.Itisabsolutedlyforbiddentomakeany______onyournewdesks.

A.singalB.codeC.sign

.mark

14.Manypeoplecomplainabouttherapid______ofmodernlife

A.rateB.speed

.paceD.growth

15.whenhewasatschool,hewonfirst______forgoodbehavior.

A.reward

.prizeC.priceD.present

16.Forabeautycompetitionyouneedaprettyfaceandagood________

A.fashionB.formation

figureD.frame

17.Inordertobuyhishousehehadtoobtainalarge______fromhisbank.

A.loanB.finance

.capitalD.debt

18.Thesocialsecutitysystemprovides________forretiredcitizens

A.wagesB.profitsC.rewards

.pensions

19.Therearetwo_______inourschool

A.Mary

MarysC.MaryesD.Maries

20.Weare_______,Theyare_______

A.Chinese,JapaneseB.Chineses,JapanesesC.Chineses,Japanese

.Chinese,Japaneses

21.Youare______,Theyare_______

A.Englishman,GermanB.Englishman,Germen

.Englishmen,GermansD.Englishmans,Germans

22.InBritainthe______areallprintedred.

A.letterboxB.letterboxesC.lettersboxD.lettersboxes

23.Thestudentsshouldhandintheir_______beforenextFriday.

A.thesisB.thesisesC.thesesD.thesesis

24.Let’sstopbythe_____onthewayhome.

A.booksstoreB.book’sstoreC.bookstoreD.storeofbooks

25.I’msorry,Iforgotbothofthe________

A.roomsnumberB.roomnumberC.room’snumberD.roomnumbers

26.I`mgoingtosee______gardenthisafternoon.

A.theSmith’sB.theSmiths’C.theSmithsD.theSmith

27.My________friendisaDoctorofLaws.

A.sister-in-lawBsister-in-law’sC.sister`s-in-law`sD.sister`s-in-law

28.Doyoulike_______.

A.sportB.sportsC.asportD.thesports

29.Tom’shandwritingismuchbetterthan

A.anyoneelesB.anyone’selse’sC.anyone’s

.anyoneelse’s

30.Mygrandmahadbutshehassome.

A.beautifulhairs,whithairsB.beautifulhair,whithair

C.beautifulhair,whithairsD.beautifulhairs,whithair

注:

hair泛指头发时为不可数名词,若指具体几根头发时为可数名词。

Kitahasdonemanyinterestingthings,sheshouldwriteabookabouther.

A.experienceB.experiencesC.anexperienceD.someexperiences

注:

experience做经验时是不可数名词,做经历时是可数名词;又因为冠词和some不可与物主代词同时并用修饰名词,故B是正确选择。

Manycountriesareincreasingheruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof.

A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material

注:

gas,wind均属于energy

Thedentistdidn’ttellmehowmanyIshouldpayforpullingoutthetooth.

A.moneyB.dollarsC.fundsD.monies

Wesawalotof.

A.cowandsheepB.cowsandsheepsC.cowandsheepsD.cowsandsheep

Juliewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.

A.shoesstoreB.shoestoreC.shoe’sstoresD.shoe’sstore

第二节动词

一、主动形式表示被动意义

 1)wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell,drive…

  Thebooksellswell.  这本书销路好。

  Thisknifecutseasily. 这刀子很好用。

 2)blame,let(出租),remain,keep,rent,build

  Iwastoblamefortheaccident.

  Muchworkremains.

 3)在need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。

  Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.

  Thisroomneedscleaning.这房间应该打扫一下。

  Thisbookisworthreading. 这本书值得一读。

 4)特殊结构:

makesb.heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己),havesth.done(要某人做某事)。

二、被动形式表示主动意义

bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated(from),befinished,beprepared(for),beoccupied(in),getmarries

  Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.

  他毕业于一所有名的大学。

注意:

表示同某人结婚,用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.都可。

  Hemarriedarichgirl.

  Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.

三、易混淆的词ConfusingWords

1.HarvardUniversity,which_______in1963,isoneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheUSA

A.foundB.foundedC.wasfoundD.wasfounded

2.“DidyouseethebookIboughtyesterday?

“Yes,Isawit______heretenminutesago.”

A.lyingB.tolieC.lieingD.laying

3.Mr.Brown’schildrenhaveverygoodmannersbecausetheyhavebeenwell______

A.brouhgtinB.broughtoutC.broughtupD.broughttogether

4.Wewanthimtoretirebuthewon’t____toit.

A.acceptB.admitC.agreeD.allow

5.I’dliketo______aspecialseatfortheconcertofMay5

A.serveB.reserveC.preserveD.conserve

6.MrJones_______theconferenceinTokyolastyear.

A.attendedB.participatedC.presentedD.tookpart

7.Themedicinewill_______yougood.

A.doB.saveC.giveD.help

8.I_______ananswertomyletterwithinafewdays.

A.hopeB.waitC.lookforwardD.expect

9.Ihesitatedto_____himwhathadreallyhappened

A.sayB.speakC.tellD.talk

10Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.

A.sit

.sitonC.besatD.besaton

动词不定式连同它的介词一起作定语或状语

11.Ithasbeenrainingfortwoweeks.

A.onandoutB.onandoffC.awayandwayD.onandup

onandoff时断时续

12.Theyknewherverywell,Theyhadseenherupfromchildhood.

AgrowB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow

注:

感官动词

13.TheMayorofthetownisa______oldman.

A.respectiveB.respectfulC.respetableD.respect

各自的、分别的尊敬的、恭敬的体面地、值得尊敬的

14.There+be+不定式结构中,动词的主动形式表示被动的意思。

Therearesomeletterstopost.

Wehavelesstime,butthereismoreworktoday.

tocompleteB.completingC.tobecompletedD.beingcompleted

Sincewehavn’tseeneachotherfortenyears,therearealotofthings.

A.sayingB.tobesaid

.tosayD.beingsaid

Ihavenoobjection________yo

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