UnderstandCapacitorSoakagetoOptimizeAnalogSystems理解电容的浸润效应翻译版.docx

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UnderstandCapacitorSoakagetoOptimizeAnalogSystems理解电容的浸润效应翻译版.docx

UnderstandCapacitorSoakagetoOptimizeAnalogSystems理解电容的浸润效应翻译版

UnderstandCapacitorSoakagetoOptimizeAnalogSystems(理解电容器浸润优化模拟系统)

Dielectricabsorptioncancausesubtleerrorsinanalogapplications(在模拟应用中电解质吸收可能导致微妙的错误)suchasthoseemployingS/Hcircuits(例如使用采样保持电路),integratingADCs(集成ADC)andactivefilters(和有源滤波器).Butknowinghowtomeasurethissoakage(但是知道如何测量这些浸润)andcompensateforithelpsyouminimizeitseffects(并且补偿它能帮助你减小它的影响). 

Veterancircuitdesignersoftengotashockingintroductiontodielectricabsorption(老的电路设计者对电容器浸润经常有令人震惊的介绍)whensupposedlydischargedhigh-voltageoil-filledpapercapacitorsreachedoutandbitthem(当很可能是高压油浸纸电容器放电并且击穿电容).Indeed,theoldoil-filledpapercapacitorswerenotoriousforwhatwasoncecalledsoakage(实际上老的油浸纸电容器是因为“浸润”而声名狼藉)--acapacitor'spropensitytoregainsomechargeafterremovalofamomentaryshort(浸润——电容在短路放电后,开路时倾向于恢复原有电荷(也就是电路中的“长尾”现象)).Today,youwon'tfindverymanyofthesecapacitorsinuse(今天你会发现这种电容应用的不是太多),butyouwillstillencountersoakage(但是仍然会遭遇浸润).Doyouknowhowtodealwithit?

 (你知道怎样解决吗?

Nowadays,you'remorelikelytonoticetheeffectsofdielectricabsorptioninsomemoresubtleway(当今,你更可能在一些更微妙的方式下注意到电介质吸收的影响),perhapsintheperformanceofanintegratorthatcan'tberesettozero(积分器表现出拒绝复位至0)orasample/holdthatrefusestoworkcorrectly(或采样保持器表现出变化不定的误差).Butwhetheryouliterallyfeelitseffectsormerelyobservetheminacircuit'sbehavior(但是不管你真正感受到它的影响或是仅仅是观察它们在电路中的响应),dielectricabsorptionisanundesirablecharacteristicthateverycapacitorpossessestosomedegree(电介质吸收这种不良特征每种电容或多或少都会有).Thischaracteristicisinherentinthedielectricmaterialitself(这种特征天生存在于电介质材料当中),althoughapoormanufacturingprocedure(即使不良的制造工序)orinferiorfoilelectrodescancontributetotheproblem(或者劣质箔电极都能导致这种问题). 

Fig1-Asimpletestfixture letsyouevaluatedielectricabsorptionatlowspeeds(一个简单的让你在低速下评估电介质吸收的测试固件).Tousetheoneshownhere(举个例子),startwithallswitchesoffandthrowS1andS2onfor1min(首先将所有开关打到OFF并且S1和S2打到ON一分钟);throwS1andS2offandwait6sec(S1和S2打到OFF并且等待6S),throwingS3onduringthewaitperiod(在等待周期内将S3打到ON).Next,turnS2onandwatchVOUTfor1min(接下来将S2打到ON并且观察Vout一分钟).Tocompensateforleakage(为了弥补泄露),leaveallswitchesofffor1minandthenthrowS2andS3on(将所有开关打到OFF一分钟并且将S2和S3打到ON).MonitorVOUTfor1minandsubtractthisvaluefromtheVOUTvalueobtainedearlier(监测Vout一分钟并且减去早先获得的Vout值).(Viewalargerversionoftheimage.) Indeed,soakageseemsanapttermfordielectricabsorption(实际上,浸润似乎是描述介电吸收一个恰当的词)whenyounotewhatthecapacitorseemstobedoing(当你注意到电容表现出的特性时).Consideratypicalexample(考虑到一个特殊的例子):

Acapacitorchargesto10VforalongtimeT(一个电容在一个长的时间T内充电到10V)andthendischargesthroughasmall-valueresistorforashorttimet(然后通过一个小的电阻放电一小会时间t).Ifyouremovetheshortcircuitandmonitorthecapacitorterminalswithahigh-impedancevoltmeter(如果你在断开放电回路之后用一个高阻抗的电压表测量电容的一端),youseethecapacitorchargebackto0.1%,1%orasmuchas10%oftheoriginalvoltage(你会观察到电容被重新充电到原电压的0.1%,1%甚至是10%).Forexample,a1-µFMylarcapacitorchargedto10Vfor60sec(TCHARGE)(例如一个1uF的聚酯薄膜电容器充到10V需要60s(Tcharge))anddischargedfor6sec(TDISCHARGE)chargesto20or30mVafter1min(THOLD)(并且放电6s(Tdischarge),断开一分钟后会重新充电到20-30mv).Fig1 showsasimpleevaluationcircuitformeasuringthischaracteristic(图1显示了一个简单的测量这一特点的评估电路). 

Fig2-Tomodelthesoakagecharacteristicofa1-µFMylarcapacitor(用一个1-uF的聚脂薄膜电容模拟浸润),consideracircuitthatincorporatesa0.006-µFcapacitortorepresentthedielectric'scharge-storagecharacteristics(用0.006-uF的电容代表电介质的电荷存储特性).

Acapacitorexhibitingdielectricabsorption(一种具有介电吸收的电容器)actsasifduringitslongprechargetimethedielectricmaterialhassoakedupsomechargethatremainsinthedielectricduringthebriefdischargeperiod(好像在一个长的预充电时间内介电材料已经吸收了一些电荷,这些电荷在短暂的放电期间内仍然保留在电介质当中).Thischargethenbleedsbackoutofthedielectricduringtherelaxationperiodandcausesavoltagetoappearatthecapacitorterminals(这些电荷在张弛周期内由电介质中释放并且引起电容两端的电压的改变).Fig2depictsasimplemodelofthiscapacitor(图2描述了这种电容的简单模型):

When10Visappliedfor1min,the0.006-µFcapacitorgetsalmostcompletelycharged(10V电压在1分钟内几乎可以将0.006-uF电容充饱),butduringa6-secdischargeperioditonlypartiallydischarges(但是在6秒放电周期内只有一部分电荷放掉).Then,overthenextminute(接下来在下一分钟内),thechargeflowsbackoutofthe0.006-µFandchargesthe1-µFcapacitortoacoupleofdozenmillivolts(电荷从0.006uF电容回流并且重新给1-uF电容充电至几十mV).Thisexampleindicatesthatalongerdischargingtimereducessoakageerror(这个例子表明一个长的放电时间可以减小浸润效应)butthatdischargingforonlyasmallfractionofthattimeresultsinalargererror(但是放电一小段时间会导致更大的问题).Illustratingthispoint(图解这一要点),Fig3showstheresultsofconductingFig1'sbasictestsequence(图3显示了按照图1的流程基本测试结果1/6/12s的放电时间)for1-,6-and12-secdischargetimes.Notethatthecapacitortriestorememberitsoldvoltage(注意到电容在尝试记住以前的电压),butthelongeryouholditatitsnewvoltage,thebetteritforgets(但在新的电压上持续的时间越长,它的记忆性越差)--intheFig3case,soakageerrorsequal31mVattDISCHARGE=lsec,20mVattDISCHARGE=6seeand14mVattDISCHARGE=12sec.(在图3,在T放电=1s时,浸润电压=31mv;在T放电=6s时,浸润电压=20mv;在T放电=12s时,浸润电压=14mv)

Fig3-ObtainedusingFig1'stestcircuit, thesedielectric-absorption-measurementresultsfora1-µFcapacitorshownthatlongertDISCHARGEtimesreducesoakage-causederrors(用图1电路得到,对于1uF电容的电介质吸收测试结果表明:

越长的放电时间越能减缓浸润效应). 

High-speedtestspredictS/Hperformance (高速测试预测采样/保持电路的性能)

Youmightnowaskwhethertheselow-speedtestshaveanybearingonacapacitor'ssuitabilityinfastmillisecondormicrosecondsample/holdapplications(你会问是否这种低速测试结果在ms或us级的采样保持电路中有同样的影响).IfyourepeattheFig1 experimentforTCHARGE=THOLD=1000µsecandtDISCHARGE=100µsec(如果你重做电路1的实验,T充电=T保持=1000us并且T放电=100us),youseeverysimilarcapacitor-voltagewaveformsbutwithabout10-times-smalleramplitudes(你可以看到同样的电容-电压波形,但是幅度只有原来的1/10).Infact,foraconstantT(事实上,对于恒定不变的T(这里指充电时间)):

tratio,theresultingsoakageerrordecreasesonlyslightlyintestsranginginlengthfromminutestomicroseconds(对于T的,浸润结果误差仅仅在测试时常从分钟到毫秒细微的减少). ?

 

Fig4-MoreprecisethanFig2'sequivalentcircuit(比电路2更准确的等效电路),acapacitormodelemployingseveraltimeconstants(使用几个时间常数的电容模型)provesvalidforawiderangeofchargeanddischargetimes(对于大范围的充放电时间是有效的).ThismodelapproximatesaMylarcapacitor(这个模型近似聚酯薄膜电容器). 

Fig4's circuitapproximatesthiscapacitorcharacteristic(图4电路近似这种电容特征),whichyoucanobserveonactualcapacitorsbyusingFig5'stestsetup(你可以用图5的测试设置观察实际电容器).Here,asample/holdICexercisesthecapacitorundertestatvariousspeedsanddutycycles(这里,一个采样保持电路练习对电容在多种速率和占空比下进行测试),andalimiteramplifierfacilitatesclosestudyofthesmallresidualwaveforms(并且一个限幅放大器帮助你更深入学习小的残余波形),withoutover-drivingtheoscilloscopewhenthecapacitorischargedtofullvoltage(当电容被充满时不会过驱动示波器). 

Fig5-Capableofautomaticallysequencingthedielectric-absorptiontests(可以自动排序电介质吸收测试), acircuitemployingtimers(电路采用定时器),asample/holdandlimitingstagesallowsyoutomakemeasurementsforawiderangeofTCHARGE,THOLD,andtDISCHARGEvalues(采样/保持和限制阶段允许对充电/保持/放电有广泛时间的测试(也就是可以在很多时常数下测试)).Fig7showstheresultsobtainedusingthecircuitshownhere(图7示出此电路的测试结果).(Viewalargerversionoftheimage.) 

Notes:

1.ALLDIODES=1N914   

2.IC5,IC6=LM301A   

3.IC7=MM74C04   

4.USER4OR-10GAINTOKEEPSCOPEWAVEFORMBELOW200mVSOASTOAVOIDDISTORTIONORFALSEATTENUATIONS(用R4或-10倍的增益来保持波形的范围低于200mv以至于避免失真或错误的衰减)

Suchexperimentsillustratethatifyouputacertainamountofchargeintoaless-than-idealcapacitor(这个实验例子说明如果你给一个不太理想的电容充电),youwillgetoutadifferentamountofcharge(电路中将会出现额外电荷),dependingonhowlongyouwait(电荷的多少取决于你等多久(也就是放电时间的长短)).Thus,usinglow-soakagecapacitorsprovesimportantinapplicationssuchasthoseinvolvinghigh-resolutiondual-slopeintegratingADCs(因此在高分辨率的双积分ADC中应用低的浸润效应的电容是十分重要的).Andsureenough,manytop-of-the-linedigitalvoltmetersdousepolypropylene(alow-soakagedielectric)devicesfortheirmainintegratingcapacitors(果不其然,许多数字电压表确实使用的聚丙烯电容).

Butdielectric-absorptioncharacteristicsaremostobviouslydetrimentalinapplicationsinvolvingsample/holds(但是电介质吸收特点很明显在采样/保持电路中是有害的).ManufacturersguaranteehowfastthesedevicescanchargeacapacitorintheirSamplemode(厂商们会保证他们的器件(电容)在采样模式下充电是有多快)andhowmuchtheircircuits'leakagecausescapacitor-voltagedroopduringtheHoldmode(和电路泄露泄露导致电容上电压在保持模式时掉了多少),buttheydon'tgiveanywarningabouthowmuchthecapacitorvoltagechangesbecauseofsoakage(但是他们不会给出任何的关于电容电压因为浸润效应会改变多少的警告).Thisfactorisespeciallyimportantinadata-acquisitionsystem(这个因素在采集系统中尤为重要),wheresomechannelsmighthandlesmallvoltageswhileothersoperatenearfullscale(在一些通道工作于满量程状态时,另外一些通道可能有感应电压).Evenwithagooddielectric,asample/holdcanhurtyouraccuracy(即使是好的电介质,采样保持电路也会影响精度),especiallyifthesampletimeisasmallfractionofTHOL).(特别是采样时间只占保持时间的一小部分)Forexample,althoughagoodpolypropylenedevicecanhaveonly1-mVhysteresisper10VstepifT/t=100msec/10msec,thisfigureincreasesto6mViftheT/tratioequals100msec/0.5msec(例如,虽然好的聚丙烯器件能达到只有没10V有1-mv的滞后,当T采样/T保持=100msec/10msec时.这个指标可以达到6mv当T采样/T保持=100msec/0.5msec时)(滞后,指的是输入信号实际值与采样值的误差,如图2-1所示).Becausemostsample/holddatasheetsdon'twarnyouofsuchfactors(因为大多数采样/保持数据手册对这一因素没有警告你),youshouldevaluatecapacitorsinacircuitsuchasFig5's(你应该用电路5测量电容),usingtimescalingsuitedtoyourapplication(时间常数依你的应用定). 

Fig6-Soakagecanpresentproblems whenyou'redesigningafast-settlingamplifierorfilter(当你设计一个快速建立的放大器或者滤波器时浸润效应可能会引起问题).Inthecircuitshownhere,forexample,C1canbeaMylarortantalumunit,butmakingC2apolypropylenedeviceimprovesperformance(在这个电路中,C1

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