完整版土地资源管理专业本科毕业论文外文文献及译文.docx

完整版土地资源管理专业本科毕业论文外文文献及译文.docx

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完整版土地资源管理专业本科毕业论文外文文献及译文

本科毕业论文

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目：

RuralandUrbanLandDevelopment

andLandTenureSystems:

AComparisonbetweenSouthAfricaandBotswana

文献、资料来源：

网络

文献、资料发表（出版）日期：

2000.8

院（部）：

管理工程学院

专业：

土地资源管理

班级：

姓名：

学号：

指导教师：

翻译日期：

外文文献：

RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMS:

ACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICAANDBOTSWANA

SusanBouillon

LegalAdvisor:

CityCouncilofPretoria

INTRODUCTION

FranklinD.Rooseveltoncesaidthat‘Everypersonwhoinvestsinlandnearagrowingcity,adoptsthesurestandsafestmethodofbecomingindependent,forlandisthebasisofwealth.’

ThepurposeofthispaperistodiscusstheruralandurbanlanddevelopmentandlandtenuresystemsofSouthAfricaandBotswana,andtoexplaintheircontributionstourbansustainability.

DEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINBOTSWANA

BotswanaislocatedatthecentreoftheSouthAfricanplateau,andisborderedbySouthAfricaonthesouthandsoutheast,ZimbabweonthenortheastandNamibiaonthewestandnorthwest.Approximately23%ofthepopulationisinurbanareasand77%inruralareas.Botswanahasarichtribalculture,andthereforeitisnotsurprisingthattheBotswanalegalsystemconsistsoflocaltribalcourts,whichadjudicatetraditionalmattersandTribalLandBoards,whichruleonlandusemattersintriballandsandtraditionalvillages.TownCouncilsruleonlandusemattersinurbanareas.

ThegovernmentofBotswanahasadoptedasystemofdevelopmentplanningwhichhascopedrelativelywellcomparedwithotherAfricancountries.Developmentplanninginvolvesthepreparationoflanduseplansforbothurbanandruralareas.ThepracticeinBotswanaisthatthepublicismadeawareoftheimplicationsoflanduseplansbeforelandiszonedforvarioususes.Publicawarenessandparticipationisensuredbygivinglandusersanopportunitytoselectpreferredlanduseoptionsfromarangeofoptionsdeterminedthroughtheevaluationofphysicalandeconomicsuitabilityoflandresources（bottom-upapproach）.

PROPERTYRIGHTSANDLANDTENUREINBOTSWANA

ItisthepolicyoftheGovernmentthatallcitizensshouldhaveeasyandequalaccesstoland.Inordertorealizethis,threelandtenuresystemshavebeenputinplace.Triballandcovers71%ofthetotallandareaofthecountry.Itisallocatedtocitizensfreeofchargeforalltypesofuses.Statelandisownedbythestateandcomprises23%ofthetotalarea.MostofthislandisusedasNationalParks,orForestandGameReserveswithinwhichnosettlementsarepermitted.However,asmallpercentageofthislandisallocatedforresidentialpurposes,particularlyinurbancenters.Freeholdlandcomprisesonly6%ofthetotalareaandisprivatelyowned.Mostofthegovernmentpoliciestodatearethereforedirectedattriballand.

RURALLAND

Priortoindependence,Botswanahadestablishedtraditionalwaysofallocatingandmanagingtriballandanditsresourcesthroughchiefsandcommunities.Soonafterindependence,theauthoritytoallocatetriballandwasshiftedfromthechiefstotheTribalLandBoardswhichwereestablishedbytheTribalLandAct,butthemanagementoftheresourcesremainstheresponsibilityoftheusersandtheircommunities.Accordingtothisact,almost71%oftheavailablelandisadministeredastriballandaccordingtoanintegratedsystemofcustomarylandtenure.Althoughthetenurialrulesfortriballandhavebeenchangedconsiderablybythisact,itisconsideredaveryinnovativewaytocombineindividuallandtenuresecuritywithtriballand-use.

TheLandBoardswereestablishedforaspecifiedtribalterritory,andtookovertheadministrativefunctionsfromchiefsandothertribalauthorities.TitleofthelandvestedintheLandBoards.TheLandBoardswereinitiallyentitledtomakecustomaryandcommonlawgrants,forresidential,grazingorcultivationpurposes,tomembersofthedifferenttribeslivinginthespecifiedterritoriesonly,butsince1993anycitizenofBotswanaisentitledtoapplyfortheserights.LandBoardsmaintaintheirownrecordorregistrationsystemandrightsarenotregisteredinthecentraldeedsregistrationsystemofBotswana,apparentlytokeepthemmoreaffordable.TheLandBoardsareentitledtoissuecertificatesofcustomarygrantsorcertificatesofoccupation.Provisionhasbeenmadefortheconversionofthesecertificatesintotitlesregistrableinthedeedsregistryoncedemandarisestodealwiththesecertificatesinthecommerciallendingmarket.Anychangeinright-holdermustbereportedtothelandboardinordertomaintaintheaccuracyoftherecordsystemofthelandboard.Shelterprovisioninruralareashasbeenonindividualsinitiatives.Themostimportantprerequisiteforhousingdevelopment,whichisaccesstoland,hasnotreallybeenadisturbingissueduetothefactthatallmaleandfemalecitizensareallocatedtriballandforfree,butinanefforttofacilitateshelterprovisioninruralareas,thegovernmentintendstointroducearuralhousingprogramme.

LanduseplanningisnotanewphenomenoninBotswana.Pastexperiencesandrecordsindicatethatthetraditionalchiefswhohadauthorityonlandhavealwaysdonesomeformoflanduseplanning.FormallanduseplanninginBotswanastartedwiththeimplementationoftheTribalGrazingLandPolicyin1975,whensomeareaswerezonedforwildlifeuse,othersbecamereservedareas,whileotherareascontinuedtobeforcommunaluse.Thispolicyenabledindividualsorgroupstohaveexclusiveuseoflandinareaszonedforsuchuse.Theserightsarepermanent,exclusionaryandinheritable.Theymayonlyberevokedbythelandboardincircumstanceswheretheright-holderfailstoutilizethelandontermsspecifiedbythelandboard,orfailstodevelopthelandaccordingtothespecifiedpurposeswithinfiveyearsorwherethelandwasnotdistributedfairly.Intheseinstances,thelanddoesnotreverttothegovernmentbutisreallocatedbythelandboardtootherapplicants.Thispolicywasthereforeamajorprogrammethroughwhichruraldevelopmentwastobeachieved.

Thedistrictsuptonowcontinuetoprepareandupdatetheirrespectiveintegratedlanduseplans.Inthepreparationofsuchplansthecommunitieshavemajorinputswithregardtothevariouslanduses.Thisisinrealizationofthefactthattohaveanimplementableandsustainablelanduseplan,thecommunitiesshouldbetheoneswhodecidetheusesonaparticulartypeofland.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatnotalldistrictshavesuchplans.

URBANLAND

AnurbancentreinBotswanaisdefinedasAllsettlementsonstatelandandsettlementsontriballandwithapopulationof5000ormorepersonswithatleast75%ofthelaborforceinnon-agriculturaloccupations.Generally,anurbancentreshouldbeseentoprovideitspopulationwithinfra-structuralandenvironmentalservicessimilartothatwhichexistsinamoderncity.Rural-urbanmigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthegrowthofurbanareas.Severalurbandevelopmentpolicieshavebeenevolvedovertheyearstoguidethegrowthanddevelopmentoftheurbanareas.DuetothefactthatalargepartofthepeopleofBotswanaarelivinginruralareas,mostofthedevelopmentisaimedattheruralareas,butafewprogrammeswereintroducedinordertobetterthecircumstancesofthoselivinginurbanareas.TheSelfHelpHousingProgrammewasintroducedtoassistthelowincomeurbanhouseholdstodeveloptheirownhouses.Underthisscheme,theGovernmentprovidesbasicservicessuchasroads,waterstandpipes,andapit-latrinetoeachplot.PlotholdersweregiventenurialsecuritythroughaCertificateofRights.Thisprogrammehasalsobeenusedinupgradingthesquattersettlementswhichexistedpriortoitsinception.

Shortageofservicedlandhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemajorconstraintstourbanhousingdevelopment.Thereforeamajorlandservicingprogramme,theAcceleratedLandServicingProgramme,wasintroduced.Theobjectiveoftheprogrammewastoservicelandforalluses,suchasresidential,commercialandindustrial,inallurbanareas.AHousingDepartmenthasbeenestablished,whichischargedwiththeresponsibilityofpromotinghousingdevelopmentandimprovementthroughpolicyinitiativesthatcreateanenablingenvironmentforshelterprovision.

TheTownandCountryPlanningAct,whichisthemainlegislationguidingphysicalplanninginBotswana,makesprovisionsforanorderlyandprogressivedevelopmentandcontroloflandinbothurbanandruralareas.TheUrbanDevelopmentStandardsandtheDevelopmentControlCodealsofacilitatetheorderlyplanningofsettlements.Sustainableurbandevelopmentdependsontheavailabilityofcleanwatersupplyandprovisionofinfrastructureforsanitationandwastemanagement.Anintegratedapproachintheprovisionofenvironmentallysoundinfrastructuresinhumansettlementsisseenasaninvestmentthatfosterssustainabledevelopmentandthatcanimprovethequalityoflife,increaseproductivity,improvehealth,andreducepoverty.

Althoughtheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentgainedprominenceontheinternationalsceneonlyafewyearsback,ithasbeenoneoftheobjectivesofdevelopmentplanninginBotswanasinceindependencein1966.Thetermhasappearedasanobjectiveinallthesubsequentdevelopmentplans,butitsmeaninghasbeenexpandedtoreflectthechangingdevelopmentrealitiesovertheyears.

LANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHAFRICA

TheshapeandformofthecitiesinSouthAfricaaretheresultofconsciousapartheidplanninginthepast.WhenSouthAfrica’sfirstdemocraticallyelectedgovernmentcameintopowerin1994,itinheritedthefragmented,unequalandincoherentplanningsystems