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非谓语讲课1
非谓语动词语法讲解
1.【2012陕西卷】15.________ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New
iPad . A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand
2.(2013北京卷)
Volunteering gives you a chance ____lives, including you own.
A.change B. changing C. changed D. to change(北京卷21题)
3.(2013陕西卷)The witnesses _____ by the police just now gave very different description of the flight.
A. questioned B.being questioned
C. to be questioned D. having questioned
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种:
1、动词不定式:
todo表示目的和将来
2、动词的ing:
doing表示主动和进;
3动词的过去分词:
done表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态
一般式
完成式
进行式
不定式
主动
todo
tohavedone
tobedoing
被动
tobedone
tohavebeendone
ing形式
主动
doing
havingdone
被动
beingdone
havingbeendone
过去分词
被动
done
四、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not,never.即not/nevertodo,not/neverdoing
不定式
不定式由“to do”构成,其否定式“not to do”。
不定式可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有语态的变化,不定式可作主,宾,定,状,补,表,不能单独作谓语。
一.不定式的时态,语态
1 一般式:
(todo)表示的动作与谓语动作同时或在它之后发生
He hopestobecomesauniversitythisyear.
2 进行式:
(tobedoing)表示谓语动词的动作和不定式动作同时发生
He pretended to be reading English when I entered the classroom.
3 完成式:
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
Heseemedtohavecleanedtheroom.
I’msorrytohavebrokenyourglasses.
4.不定式的被动语态:
tobedone(被动将来的动作)
tohavebeendone(被动完成的动作)
Theworkistobedonesoon.
Thenewcinematobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.
Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospitalyesterday.
二.不定式的用法
1). 不定式作主语 ,谓语动词用单数,动词不定式(短语)作主语时,为了避免句子的头重脚轻,可以用“it”作形式主语,而把真正的主语--动词不定式(短语)放在句子的后部。
例如:
To be a doctor is hard.
做医生很难。
To learn English well is not easy.
学好英语不容易。
It is hard to be a doctor.
It is not easy to learn English well.
再如:
It’s important to plant trees in spring.
如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可以在动词不定式前面
加一个由介词for或of引导的短语,称为不定式的复合结构。
For:
importantnecessaryimpossibleeasyhard等
Of:
形容词用来形容人的品质的。
good,clever,kind,wrong,silly,careless,foolish,nice,rude,brave,honest等
It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning.
对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。
It is important for students to use English every day.
对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。
Itiskindofyoutohelpme.
Itiscarelessofyoutolosesomuchmoney.
Itiswrongofyoutobreaktheglass
2). 作表语:
动词不定式(短语)作表语常用于系词be的后面,用来说明主语的内容,主语常为aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish,ambition 等
Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.
他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
His work is to drive a car.
他的工作是开车。
My job is to feed animals.
我的工作是饲养动物。
Her ambition is to be a doctor.
她的理想是当医生。
注:
当主语为不定式时,表语常为不定式(平行结构)
Toseeistobelieve
Seeingisbelieving.
3). 作宾语 动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语,能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有:
(1)常见用不定式作宾语的动词want, wish, like, decide, help, ask, agree, afford, arrange, care(喜欢,愿意)
determine, fail, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer,
pretend, promise, seek, prepare, refuse, expect, plan, would like, make up one’s mind, be determined
I want to tell you a story.
我想给你讲个故事。
Wouldyouliketogoandhaveapicnicwithustomorrow?
明天和我们一起去野餐好吗?
*如果and连接两个动词不定式,第二个动词不定式一般省“to”例:
Hewantstogoandhaveaswimwithus.
他想和我们一起去游泳。
(2)若作宾语的动词不定式(短语)很长,可用it作形式宾语。
常用it作形式宾语的有 think/find/feel/consider/make/regard…+it+形容词/名词+不定式短语
如:
Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim
Shethinksitherdutytohelpus.
(it作形式宾语,代替不定式短语tohelpus)她觉得帮助我们是她的责任。
IfinditinterestingtolearnEnglishwithyou.
我觉得和你一起学英语很有趣。
(3)动词+疑问词+to,“特殊疑问词+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。
如:
Idon’tknowwhattodonext/howtodoitnext.
Ican’tdecidewhentogothere.
(4)在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如but,except后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”则省去“to”。
例如:
Ihavedonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.
Ihavenochoicebuttowaitforhimatthebusstop.
另外,在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than…,can’thelpbut,(不得不),mightaswell(还是好)+动原
Ican’tbutagreetohisplan.我只得同意他的计划
4).作宾语补足语
动词+宾语+不定式(todo)。
如:
Hewarnedmetobecareful.
IwantyoutospeaktoTom.
Whatmakesyouthinkso?
(不带to的不定式)
(1)常见用不定式作宾补的动词advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, like, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, advisesbtodosth
TheteacheraskedustoreadEnglishforhalfanhourinthemorning.
老师让我们早晨读半小时英语。
TheteacheroftentellsJimnottospendtoomuchtimeplaying
computergames.老师常告诉Jim不要花太多时间玩电脑游戏。
(2)在感官动词feel(一感),hear,listento(二听),have,let,make(三让),notice,see,watch,observe,lookat(五看)(即:
吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。
如:
Theysawtheboyfalloffthetree.
Theboywasseentofalloffthetree.
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
Pleaseletmehelpyou.
让我来帮助你。
Theboymadethebabycry.
Thebabywasmadetocrybytheboy.
那个孩子被男孩弄哭了。
(3)There+不定式。
如:
Wedidn’texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
(4)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
Ioftenhelphim(to)cleantheroom.
Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.
5).动词不定式作定语:
(1) 动词不定式作定语常用来修饰名词或不定代词,放于所修饰的词后,为后置定语。
(havesomethingtodo)
Doyouhavesomethingtodrink?
如果不定式中的动词为不及物动词时,其后应加上一个含义上所需要的介词。
例:
Shehasnopapertowriteon?
她没有纸写字?
Ihavenochairtositon.
我没有椅子坐。
Hehasnohousetolivein.
他没有房子住。
注意:
.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。
如:
Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?
Hehasanimportantmeetingtoattend.
比较:
I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?
(2) 用来修饰被序数词,最高级或all, no, any等限定的词
e.g. He was the best man to do the job.
This is the first factory to produce this kind of machine.
(3) 在be+’形容词+不定式’结构时,常用的to do主动形式表被动.
e.g. The book is difficult to read.
He is a man easy to get on with.
Ifindhimeasytogetalongwith.
6)作状语表目的,也可用 in order to / so as to ,但so as to 不用句首。
so…asto,such…asto,….enoughto,too…to等。
Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车
Theygotupearlytocatchtheearlybus.
Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.我们不是那样的蠢,竟会相信他
Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
他们早起去赶早班车。
Onlytodo表示意料之外的结果。
Doing顺应自然的结果。
He hurried to the school only to find nobody there.(表结果)
Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone
Hedied,leavinghiswifetwosons.
TolearnEnglishwell,AIgotupearly.Bmuchworkhasbeendone.
注不定式的逻辑主语与主句主语一致
主谓todo
Todo,主谓。
Heworkedallnight,_______(prepare)thespeech.
主谓,doing或.pp分词作状语
7)作插入语
To tell the truth(老实说), to be exact(确切的说), to be frank (坦白的说)
to sum up (总之)to begin /start with(首先) to make matters worse(更糟糕的是)
to begin with,youshouldbebraveenoughtochallengesyourself.
三.不定式的省略 为避免重复可用to来代替前面的不定式,常出现在下列动词后expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try 或出现在be glad, be happy, would like/love后
eg:
I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.
--- Would you come to the party?
-
—I’d love to, but…
如果在省略不定式中含有be, have, have been 等系动词或助动词,这些词要保留。
eg:
--- Are you on holiday?
--- No, but I’d like to be.
——- I didnt tell him the news.
--- Oh, you ought to have.
一.选择填空:
1.Heaskedme________hereearlier.
A.comeB.tocomeC.comingD.came
2.Pleasetellhim_______onthewall.
A.don’tdrawB.tonotdrawC.nottodrawD.notdraw
3.Hewanted________acupoftea.
A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.had
4.I’dlike________awordwithyou.
A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have
5.Icamehere_______myuncle.
A.sawB.toseeC.seeingD.tobeseen
6.Themanrefused(拒绝)________backhiswords.
A.totakeB.takingC.tookD.takes
7.Icanletyou________oneticket.
A.tohaveB.haveC.havingD.had
8.Weoftenheardhim_________inhisroom.
A.tosingB.singsC.sangD.sing
9.Hewasmade________dayandnight.
A.workB.workingC.toworkD.worked
10.Hestopped______alook,butsawnothing.
A.havingB.tohaveC.haveD.had
11.Myfatherwastooangry_________aword.
A.tosayB.nottosayC.tosayingD.didn’tsay
12.Mybrotherwasoldenough________toschool.
A.wentB.goesC.goingD.togo
13.Itistime________him________supper.
A.of,tohaveB.for,tohaveC.of,havingD.for,tohas
14.It’sverykind_______you______me.
A.of,tohelpB.for,tohelpC.of,helpD.of,helping
15.It’simportant_________ourclassroomcleaneveryday.
A.keptB.tokeepC.togiveD.keep
16.Beforeliberation(解放)theyhadnochance_______toschool.
A.wentB.goC.togoD.tobegone
17.Hesaidhehadanimportantmeeting________.
A.attendB.wouldattendC.attendingD.toattend
18.Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper________.
A.towriteB.towriteonC.writingD.towriteit
19——Thelastone_______paysthemeals
——Agreed!
AarrivedBarrivesCtoarriveDarriving
20.Weareinvitedtoaparty____inourclubnextFriday.
AtobeheldBheldCbeingheldDholding
21——IsmarrystillstudyinginAustralia?
——I’mafraidnot,sheissaid___backtoherhometown
AtohavegoneBtogo
CtohavebeengoneDgoing
22Hehurriedtotheairportonly______thattheplanehadalreadytakenoff
AtobetoldBtotellCtoldDtelling