商法导论笔记.docx
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商法导论笔记
NB:
这些是老师课堂上的笔记，若有缺失之处请见谅！
若还没有笔记的同学就赶紧复制走并把中文的地方翻译成英文。
祝大家本学期最后一次商法考试圆满成功！
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谢谢合作！
完整版答案已有！
CaseStudy1
Questions:
1.ListthemainbusinessorganizationsrecognizedbyScotsLaw.
2.GiventhefactthatLisawillberunningthebusinessherselfand,forthetimebeing,sheisunlikelytobeemployinganyone,howwouldyouclassifyherbusiness?
3.IdentifytwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofthetypeofbusinessorganizationrunbyLisa
CaseQuestion1
ThemainbusinessorganizationsrecognizedbyScotsLaware:
Soletrader
Partnership
Limitedliability
Privatecompany
Publiccompany
Question2
①Lisaisrunningaverysmallbusiness,sothemostappropriateformoforganizationissoletrader.
②AccordingtotheCompaniesRegulation1992,Lisa’sorganizationformdoesnotfitfortheconditionofprivatecompany;suchaprivatecompanyislimitedbysharesorbyguaranteeandneedonlyhaveonmember.
③Asaresult,wecanjudgethattheorganizationformofLisa’scompanyissoletrader.
Question3
Advantages:
①verybasiclegalrequirementstocomplywith
②Totalcontroloverhis/herbusinessanddoesnothavetotakeintoaccounttheopinionsofanyshareholders.
③ItisthesimplestformofbusinessorganizationrecognizedbyScotsLaw
④Asoletraderistoallintentsandpurposestoberegardedasaself-employedperson.
Disadvantages:
①Asoletradermayfinditdifficulttofundanexpansionofthebusinessbecauseshe/hecannotoffersharestootherpartiesinordertoraisefunds.（筹集资金）
②Ifthebusinessfail,thesoletraderissaidtohaveunlimitedliabilityforanydebtsorobligationsowedtothirdparties.
③Theinclusionofnewpartnerswouldforceachangeinthenatureofbusiness,operationbyconvertingitintoapartnershiporsomeotherformofcorporatebody.
④（inanycase）,Abusinessexpansionrequiringamajorinjectionofcapitalmightentailalossofcontroloverthebusinessbecausenewmemberswhoareasourceofnewfinancewillalmostcertainlydemandasayintherunningofthebusiness.
以上优、缺点各选两个答即可
CaseStudy2
Question1
Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenatraditionalpartnershipandalimitedliabilitypartnership（LLP）?
Partnership
Unincorporatedbody
Partnershaveunlimitedliabilityinrespectofpartnershipdebts
Noneedtoberegisteredwithregistrarofcompaniesandnoneedtosupplyformaldocuments
RegulatedbyPartnershipAct1890
LLP
Corporatebody
MembersenjoylimitedliabilityinrespectofLLPdebts
Mustberegisteredwiththeregistrarofcompaniesandcertaindocumentsmustbesupplied
RegulatedbyLLPAct2000
Question2
Whatarethemainadvantagesforanexistingpartnershipwhenitchangestoalimitedliabilitypartnership?
①ThereasonwhymanytraditionalpartnershipstrytotranslatetoLLPisthatthememberscanenjoythelimitedresponsibilities.
②Furthermore,undertheconditionsoflosingofprivacyandgreateringexternalregulationforthemembers,lotsoftraditionalpartnershipsdefinitelyhopetotranslatetoLLP.（becauseofLLP…）
Question3
WhatisthenatureofthelegalrelationshipbetweenpartnersinfirmandmembersofaLLP?
①Thereexistafiduciaryrelationshipinlawrelationshipbetweencompanyandpartners.
②举例说明公司与成员之间的忠实关系PillansBrothersvPillans[1908]
③AccordingtoLimitedLiabilityPartnershipsAct2000,section6regulations,thereshouldberecognizedtoanagent’srelationshipbetweenmembersandLLP.
④Thegeneralruleofthelawagencythatanagent（member）mustalwaysactinthebestinterestofhisprincipal（LLP）.
⑤Amemberisnotanagentofhisfellowmembers.
CaseStudy3
Question1
Whatisacompany’sobjectsclause?
①Objectclause是存在于MemorandumofAssociation之中的。
②Objectclause通常是公司的成立目的并且列出了公司可以从事的商业或商事行为。
③BeforethereformsintroducedbytheCompaniesAct1989,公司无权与第三人签订任何商业协议，除非公司的objectclause有明确规定。
④假如公司objectclause没有授权公司去从事某项商业交易时，则公司就没有行为能力（lackofcapacity）去订立合同，并且第三方也不能抗辩（thirdpartywasnodefence）.
⑤Nowadays,manycompanieswillhavestraightforwardobjectsclauseswhichallowthemtoenterintoanytypeofbusinessofcommercialtransactionwhatsoever.
Question2
DoesMacGregorhavetherighttowithdrawfromtheprojectwithConstructit?
①Macgregor没有权力撤销它与Constructit之间的协议。
②AsaresultofreformsintroducedbytheCompaniesAct1989,Section35oftheCompaniesAct1985nowstatesthateverycontractisenforceableagainstthecompany.
③NoactdonebyacompanymaybequestionedbythefactthatitwasbeyonditslegalcapacityasstatedinitsobjectsclauseintheMemorandumofAssociation.
④Section35Bofthe1985ActgoesontosaythatthereisnonecessityforathirdpartytocheckthataproposedcontractiswithinthepowersofthecompanyaspertheMemorandumofAssociation.
⑤TheSection3AofthecompanyAct1985nowpermitsacompanytohaveasimplifiedobjectsclausewhichmeansacompanycanenterintopracticallyanycontractwhatsoeverwiththirdparties.
⑥InsituationwherethirdpartiesdealingwiththecompanyherefailedtoactingoodfaithandwheretheDirectorshaveexceedtheirauthority,Section35A,CompaniesAct1985raisethepossibilitythatsuchanultravirus（毒树之果）contractmaybedeclaredvoidablebythecompany.
⑦举例AshburyRailwayCarriage&IronCovRiche[1875]
Question3
WillthelegalactionbyMacGregorshareholdersbesuccessfulsothatthecompanywillbeforcedtopayouttheexpectedbonuses?
①根据CompaniesAct1985,Section14中的规定，公司当中最重要的两个文件分别是ArticleofAssociation&MemorandumofAssociation.股东是否有权利分红（receivebonuses）完全取决于公司的ArticleofAssociation的规定。
②假使规定可以，那么股东可以根据Section14的规定去起诉并要求公司分红（forcepaymentofdividends）。
但是，假如分红的规定只是随意的（discretionary）由公司决定，那么公司就有权暂缓（suspend）在今年分红。
③举例（任选其一）：
⒈EleyvPositiveLifeAssuranceCoLtd[1876]
2.HickmanvKentorRomneyMarshsheepBreaders’Association[1915]
3.RayfieldvHands[1960]
4.WoodvOdessaWaterworksCo[1889]
Case4
Question1
Listthreedifferencesbetweenaprivatecompanyandapubliccompany.
Question2
Canpeoplesimplydecidetosetupanykindofcompanyandbegintotradeimmediately?
Question3
Whatkindoflegalstatusisacompanysaidtohave?
Question4
Whatmanagementbodyisresponsiblefortheday-to-dayrunningofacompany?
Question5
Whatisthemostcommontypeofliabilityforcompanymembers?
Keys
Question1（注意看上面的题目，只用选三个写就好）
①private:
onlyonedirectorisrequired
public:
theremustbeatleast2directors
②private:
limitedbysharesorbyguaranteeneedonlyhaveonemember
public:
theremustbyatleast2members
③private:
thereisnoupperagelimitfordirectors
public:
directorsmustretirewhentheyreachtheageof70
④private:
Auditedaccountsmustbeproducedwithin10monthsoftheendofthefinancialyear
public:
Auditedaccountsmustbeproducedwithin7monthsoftheyearend（更为严格）
⑤private:
TradingcanstartassoonasacertificateofIncorporationisobtained.
public:
PubliccompaniescannotbegintradingwithouthavingbeenissuedwithaSection117certificate.
⑥private:
Companynamemustendin“Limited”or“Ltd”
public:
Companynamemustendin“publiclimitedcompany”or“PLC”
⑦private:
TheArticleofAssociationofaprivatelimitedcompanymayprovideforarightofpre-emptionsothatwhenamemberwishestosellortotransferownershipofhissharehemustfirstofferthemtoexistingmember.
public:
Membersmustbefreetotransfertheirsharesastheyplease.
⑧private:
Thereisnominimumcapitalrequirement
public:
Apubliccompanymusthaveminimumissuedsharecapitalofatleast￡50,000.
⑨private:
Thesharescannotbetradedorlistedontheotherexchange.
public:
Sharescanbelistedonthestockexchangeandcanbetraded.
CASE4中的最后四题：
提醒：
大家注意看清题目和问题，把中文翻译成英文，若不放心最好再多参考别的同学的笔记！
谢谢合作！
Question2
①根据CompaniesAct1985的规定，一家新成立的公司必须向RegistrarofCompanies登记并提交两个最重要的文件，分别是ArticleofAssociation&MemorandumofAssociation。
以便于提供公司的性质与营运状况的重要信息（provideimportantinformationaboutthenatureofthecompanyandhowitwillberun）.
②直到公司成立之前，公司并不具备法律资格，因此也无法与第三方签订任何合同。
因此公司不能简单地在设立之后，立即与第三方进行交易。
③一家新公司必须取得RegistrarofCompanies所颁发的CertificateofIncorporation并且publiclimitedcompany也必须取得Section117certificate之后才能进行商业交易。
Question3
①当一家公司成立的时候，意味着该公司享有separatecorporatepersonality的资格。
②而separatecorporatepersonality意味着一家公司是一个具有法人资格的企业（artificiallegalperson）,并且与成员的责任区分开来，成员承担的是有限责任。
③举例说明（情况、法院判决、与本题的联系）
SalomonvSalomon&CoLtd[1897]课本217-218页中有该案例
Question4
TheBoard（董事会）isthemanagementbodyforthecompany’sday-to-daybusiness.
Question5
①Themostimportanttypeofliabilitythatcompanymemberswillbesubjecttoisthatoflimitedliability.
②Theterm“limited”relatestothefactthatthemembersofthecompanyenjoy“limitedliability”status.
③Thismeansthatamember’sindividualliabilityisconfinedsolelytotheamountunpaid,ifanyontheirshareholdinginthecompany.
④Incompanieslimitedbyguarantee,themembersagreetobeliabletothecompany’screditorsforanagreedsumshouldthebusinessfail.Companylimitedbyguaranteearerunningasprivatecompanies.
升级会员 