计算机英语第9章.docx

计算机英语第9章.docx

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计算机英语第9章

Chapter9ComputingSecurity

LearningObjectives:

Afterthelearningofthischapter,youareexpectedto:

●understandthemainideasofeverypassage;

●masterthekeywordsandphrases,especiallytechnicaltermsofeverypassageaswellastheirusage;

●haveaclearideaofcomputersecurity,includingviruses,antivirusesandnetworksecurity;

●knowhowtotranslatesomelongsentencesinEST.

Warm-up:

Labelthefollowingpictureswiththetermsinthebox:

1.router

2.searchengine

3.modularplug

4.worldwideweb

5.networkcontroller

6.networkgraphic

7.networkcabinet

8.netwire

9.server

A.______________________

B.______________________

C.______________________

D._____________________

E._____________________

F.______________________

G._____________________

H.______________________

I.______________________

9.1AnIntroductiontoComputerSecurity

ComputerSecurityistheprotectionofcomputingsystemsandthedatathattheystoreoraccess.Theissueofcomputersecurityfirstaroseinthe1970sasindividualsbegantobreakintotelephonesystems.Astechnologyadvanced,computersystemsbecametargetsaswell.TheFederalBureauofInvestigation（FBI）madeoneofitsfirstarrestsrelatedtocomputerhackingintheearly1980s.

Whentalkingaboutcomputersecurity,somepeoplethinkfirstlyoftheircreditcardnumbers,socialsecuritynumbers,andotherpersonalinformation.Knowinghowtoprotectprivateinformationfromthosewhowouldexploititisveryimportant.However,thatisonlyonepartofcomputersecurity.Computersecurityinabroadsenseconsistsofthethreeaspects:

hardwaresecurity,informationsecurityandadministrationsecurity.

Ⅰ.Hardwaresecurityfallsintophysicalsecurityandemanationsecurity.Theformerconcernsprotectionofcomputerhardwareandassociatedequipments,suchascomputers,servers,networksandperipheralequipment,etc.fromexternalphysicalthreats,suchastampering,theft,earthquakes,water,etc.Thelattercopeswithprotectionagainstspurioussignalsemittedbyelectricalequipmentsinthesystem,suchaselectromagneticemissionfromdisplaysandaudioemission（soundsfromprinters,etc）.

Ⅱ.Informationsecurityismadeupofcommunicationsecurityandcomputersecurityinanarrowsense.Thefirstinvolvestheprotectionofdataandinformationduringtransmission.Thesecondmeansprotectionofequipments/objectsagainstexposuresandagainstattacksmakinguseofvulnerabilitiesinthesystemarchitecture.

Ⅲ.Administrationsecurityincludespersonnelsecurityandoperationsecurity.Personnelsecuritydealswithproceduresforensuringthatpersonnelintheorganizationcanbetrustedtocomplywithsecuritypolicies.Operationsecurityregulateshowalltheotherformsofsecurityshouldbeimplementedandhowthesystemshouldbeoperated.

hacking[]

n.非法访问计算机系统和数据库的活动

inabroadsense

广义上的

fallinto

分为

emanation

[]

n.散发,发出

associated

adj.联合的,关联的

tamper[]

vi.干预,玩弄

vt.篡改

spurious[]

adj.伪造的,假造的

electromagnetic[]

adj.电磁的

transmission[]

n.播送,发射,传动

vulnerability[]

n.弱点,攻击

complywith

遵守

implement[]

n.工具,器具

vt.贯彻,实现

Inordertogetabetterunderstandingofit,youhadbetterknowtwomaintypesofattackcomputerisfacing.

Theoneisexternalattack.WheneveranycomputerisconnectedtotheInternetitisvulnerabletothiskindofattack.Aremotecomputerrunningmaliciouscodecanlocateyourcomputerandthenmonitoritforweaknesses.Ifthisissuccessful,theremotecomputercanthenuseyoursasalaunchsiteforattackingothers,orcanobtainconfidentialinformation,andcausedamagetoyourowncomputer.

Theotherisinternalattack,whichisacommonmethodofgainingaccesstoacomputer.OneofitsexamplesisTrojanHorseattack.Afileisplacedonyourcomputer,commonlysentviaemail,whichcausesmaliciouscodetoberun.Whatthiscodedoesdependsontheviruses’author.Itmaybenothingmorethananuisance.However,itcouldbesomethingmoremalicious,andmayhavethecapabilityofdeletingfilesontheharddisk.

Computersecurityisaprocess,neveranend-pointbecauseriskschange,datachangesandthecostsofsecuringprocesseschange.Thereisnopointindiscussingwhencomputersecuritywillbecomeanout-of-datetopic.Whatacomputeruserneedstodoistotakeallthenecessarymeasurestoprotectthecomputerfromrisks.

（Words:

515）

vulnerable

[]

adj.易受攻击的

malicious[]

adj.怀恶意的,恶毒的

launchsite

发射基地

confidential

[]

adj.秘密的,机密的

Trojan[]

n.特洛伊

nuisance[]

n.讨厌的人或东西,

end-point

终点

secure[]

v.保护

Exercises:

I.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue（T）orfalse（F）accordingtothetext.

（）1.Computersecurityiscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentoftechnology.

（）2.Computersecuritymainlydealswithcreditcardnumbers,socialsecuritynumbers,andotherpersonalinformation.

（）3.Informationsecurityandadministrationsecurityareinvolvedwithpersonnelmanagementinanorganization.

（）4.Externalattackandinternalattackareabitsimilarintermsofmaliciouscodes.

（）5.Thatcomputersecurityisaprocessmeansthatwemustalwayskeepguardagainstanydangertoourcomputer.

II.MatchthewordsorexpressionsintheleftcolumnwiththeChineseequivalentsintherightcolumn.

1.remoteusers

A.损毁

2.intrusiondetection

B.电子邮件附件

3.corruption

C.应对措施

4.anti-virussoftware

D.远程用户

5.portnumber

E.越权使用

6.unauthorizeduse

F.入侵检测

7.countermeasures

G.端口号

8.updatedversion

H.升级版

9.e-mailattachments

I.后门

10.backdoor

J.杀毒软件

III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsinthebox,makingchangesifnecessary:

annoying

example

unprotected

browse

install

scanner

theft

download

problematic

display

Spywarecanbeinstalledonyourcomputerinmanydifferentways.Oftentimesyoumay＿＿

（1）thewebwhenapopupwindow（弹出窗口）,whichlooksconvincinglylikeaWindowssystemmessage,saysthatyourcomputeris＿＿＿＿

（2）,andtoclickheretoprotectit.Thisisapopupadto＿＿＿＿＿＿（3）softwarethatyoumostassuredlydon’twant.Spywarecanalsobeinstalledalongwithotherprogramsthatare＿＿＿＿＿＿（4）.Forexample,WeatherBugseemsverygoodbecauseitcan＿＿＿＿＿＿（5）liveweatherdataafteritisdownloadedandinstalled.However,itinstallsallkindsof＿＿＿＿＿＿（6）softwarealongwithitself.Other＿＿＿（7）includetheMSNSearchtoolbar.

Allkindsofspywareare＿＿＿＿＿＿（8）,aswellaspotentiallydangerous.Identity＿＿＿＿（9）isbecomingmoreandmorecommonlately,andwedefinitelyneedtoprotectourselves.Thankfully,therearemanyspyware＿＿＿＿＿＿（10）onthemarkettoday,andagoodnumberofthemarefree.

IV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese..

1.WheneveracomputerisconnectedtotheInternet,itis“opentoattack”fromintrudersorhackers.

2.Whilstsoftwaremanufacturersregularlyreleaseupdatesor“patches”totheirsoftware,itisusuallyuptotheindividualtoapplythissoftwareupdate.

3.ComputersecuritymeansprotectingyourselfandyourorganizationfrominvolvementincostlyandpossiblyillegalactivityontheInternet.

4.Overthelast25yearsorso,anumberofnetworksandnetworkprotocolshavebeendefinedandused.

5.Theriskacomputerisfacingisneverzero,butifyouignoreit,neitherwillitbesmall.

9.2Computerviruses

Strangeasitmaysound,thecomputervirusissomethingofanInformationAgemarvel.Thecomputervirusisanoutcomeofthecomputerovergrowthinthe1980s.TheoriginofthistermcamefromanAmericansciencefictionTheAdolescenceofP－1writtenbyThomasJ.Ryan，publishedin1977.Computervirusesarecalledvirusesbecausetheysharesomeofthetraitsofbiologicalviruses.Acomputerviruspassesfromcomputertocomputerlikeabiologicalviruspassesfrompersontoperson.

Earlyviruseswerepiecesofcodeattachedtoacommonprogramlikeapopulargameorapopularwordprocessor.Apersonmightdownloadaninfectedgamefromabulletinboardandrunit.Aviruslikethisisasmallpieceofcodeembeddedinalarger,legitimateprogram.Whentheuserrunsthelegitimateprogram,thevirusloadsitselfintomemory—andlooksaroundtoseeifitcanfindanyotherprogramsonthedisk.Ifitcanfindone,itmodifiestheprogramtoaddthevirus’codeintotheprogram.Thentheviruslaunchesthe“realprogram”.Theuserreallyhasnowaytoknowthattheviruseverran.Unfortunately,thevirushasnowreproduceditself,sotwoprogramsareinfected.Thenexttimetheuserlauncheseitherofthoseprograms,itinfectsotherprogramsandthecyclecontinues.

Thespreadingpartistheinfectionphaseofthevirus.Viruseswouldn’tbesoviolentlydespisedifalltheydidwastoreplicatethemselves.Mostvirusesalsohaveadestructiveattackphasewheretheydodamage.Somesortoftriggerwillactivatetheattackphase,andtheviruswillthendosomething—anythingfromprintingasillymessageonthescreentoerasingallofyourdata.Thetriggermightbeaspecificdate,thenumberoftimesthevirushasbeenreplicatedorsomethingsimilar.

Theylearnednewtricksbecauseviruscreatorsbecamemoresophisticated.Forexample,oneimportanttrickwastheabilitytoinfectthebootsectoronfloppydisksandharddisks.Thebootsectorisasmallprogramthatisthefirstpartoftheoperatingsystemthatthecomputerloads.Itcontainsatinyprogramthattellsthecomputerhowtoloadtherestoftheoperatingsystem.By