精选Scientific paper structureword范文.docx

精选Scientific paper structureword范文.docx

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精选Scientificpaperstructureword范文

Scientificpaperstructure

我国古代的读书人,从上学之日起,就日诵不辍,一般在几年内就能识记几千个汉字,熟记几百篇文章,写出的诗文也是字斟句酌,琅琅上口,成为满腹经纶的文人。

为什么在现代化教学的今天,我们念了十几年书的高中毕业生甚至大学生,竟提起作文就头疼,写不出像样的文章呢?

吕叔湘先生早在1978年就尖锐地提出:

“中小学语文教学效果差,中学语文毕业生语文水平低,……十几年上课总时数是9160课时,语文是2749课时,恰好是30%,十年的时间,二千七百多课时,用来学本国语文,却是大多数不过关,岂非咄咄怪事!

”寻根究底,其主要原因就是腹中无物。

特别是写议论文,初中水平以上的学生都知道议论文的“三要素”是论点、论据、论证,也通晓议论文的基本结构:

提出问题――分析问题――解决问题,但真正动起笔来就犯难了。

知道“是这样”,就是讲不出“为什么”。

根本原因还是无“米”下“锅”。

于是便翻开作文集锦之类的书大段抄起来,抄人家的名言警句,抄人家的事例,不参考作文书就很难写出像样的文章。

所以,词汇贫乏、内容空洞、千篇一律便成了中学生作文的通病。

要解决这个问题,不能单在布局谋篇等写作技方面下功夫,必须认识到“死记硬背”的重要性,让学生积累足够的“米”。

　　WhyaScientificFormat?

Thescientificformatmayseemconfusingforthebeginningsciencewriterduetoitsrigidstructurewhichissodifferentfromwritinginthehumanities.Onereasonforusingthisformatisthatitisameansofefficientlycommunicatingscientificfindingstothebroadcommunityofscientistsinauniformmanner.Anotherreason,perhapsmoreimportantthanthefirst,isthatthisformatallowsthepapertobereadatseveraldifferentlevels.Forexample,manypeopleskimTitlestofindoutwhatinformationisavailableonasubject.OthersmayreadonlytitlesandAbstracts.ThosewantingtogodeepermaylookattheTablesandFiguresintheResults,andsoon.Thetakehomepointhereisthatthescientificformathelpstoinsurethatatwhateverlevelapersonreadsyourpaper（beyondtitleskimming）,theywilllikelygetthekeyresultsandconclusionsofpageTheSectionsofthePaperMostjournal-stylescientificpapersaresubdividedintothefollowingsections:

Title,AuthorsandAffiliation,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgments,andLiteratureCited,whichparalleltheexperimentalprocess.Thisisthesystemwewilluse.Thiswebsitedescribesthestyle,content,andformatassociatedwitheachsection.Thesectionsappearinajournalstylepaperinthefollowingprescribedorder:

ExperimentalprocessSectionofPaperWhatdidIdoinanutshell?

AbstractWhatistheproblem?

IntroductionHowdidIsolvetheproblem?

MaterialsandMethodsWhatdidIfindout?

ResultsWhatdoesitmean?

DiscussionWhohelpedmeout?

Acknowledgments（optional）WhoseworkdidIreferto?

LiteratureCitedExtraInformationAppendices（optional）SectionHeadings:

MainSectionHeadings:

Eachmainsectionofthepaperbeginswithaheadingwhichshouldbecapitalized,centeredatthebeginningofthesection,anddoublespacedfromthelinesaboveandbelow.DonotunderlinethesectionheadingORputacolonattheend.Exampleofamainsectionheading:

INTRODUCTIONSubheadings:

Whenyourpaperreportsonmorethanoneexperiment,usesubheadingstohelporganizethepresentation.Subheadingsshouldbecapitalized（firstletterineachword）,leftjustified,andeitherbolditalicsORunderlined.Exampleofasubheading:

EffectsofLightIntensityontheRateofElectronTransportTopofpageTitle,Authors'Names,andInstitutionalAffiliations1.Function:

YourpapershouldbeginwithaTitlethatsuccinctlydescribesthecontentsofthepaper.Usedescriptivewordsthatyouwouldassociatestronglywiththecontentofyourpaper:

themoleculestudied,theorganismusedorstudied,thetreatment,thelocationofafieldsite,theresponsemeasured,etc.Amajorityofreaderswillfindyourpaperviaelectronicdatabasesearchesandthosesearchengineskeyonwordsfoundinthetitle.2.TitleFAQs3.Format:

Thetitleshouldbecenteredatthetopofpage1（DONOTuseatitlepage-itisawasteofpaperforourpurposes）;thetitleisNOTunderlinedoritalicized.theauthors'names（PIorprimaryauthorfirst）andinstitutionalaffiliationaredouble-spacedfromandcenteredbelowthetitle.Whenmorethentwoauthors,thenamesareseparatedbycommasexceptforthelastwhichisseparatedfromthepreviousnamebytheword"and".Forexample:

DucksOver-WinterinColoradoBarleyFieldsinResponsetoIncreasedDailyMeanTemperatureImaMallard,UraDrake,andWoodruffDucqueDepartmentofWildlifeBiology,UniversityofColorado-BoulderTopofpageThetitleisnotasection,butitisnecessaryandimportant.Thetitleshouldbeshortandunambiguous,yetbeanadequatedescriptionofthework.Ageneralrule-of-thumbisthatthetitleshouldcontainthekeywordsdescribingtheworkpresented.Rememberthatthetitlebecomesthebasisformoston-linecomputersearches-ifyourtitleisinsufficient,fewpeoplewillfindorreadyourpaper.Forexample,inapaperreportingonanexperimentinvolvingdosingmicewiththesexhormoneestrogenandwatchingforacertainkindofcourtshipbehavior,apoortitlewouldbe:

MouseBehaviorWhy?

Itisverygeneral,andcouldbereferringtoanyofanumberofmousebehaviors.Abettertitlewouldbe:

TheEffectsofEstrogenontheNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMiceWhy?

Becausethekeywordsidentifyaspecificbehavior,amodifyingagent,andtheexperimentalorganism.Ifpossible,givethekeyresultofthestudyinthetitle,asseeninthefirstexample.Similarly,theabovetitlecouldberestatedas:

EstrogenStimulatesIntensityofNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMice4.StrategyforWritingTitleofpageABSTRACT1.Function:

Anabstractsummarizes,inoneparagraph（usually）,themajoraspectsoftheentirepaperinthefollowingprescribedsequence:

thequestionyouinvestigated（orpurpose）,（fromIntroduction）statethepurposeveryclearlyinthefirstorsecondsentence.theexperimentaldesignandmethodsused,（fromMethods）clearlyexpressthebasicdesignofthestudy.Nameorbrieflydescribethebasicmethodologyusedwithoutgoingintoexcessivedetail-besuretoindicatethekeytechniquesused.themajorfindingsincludingkeyquantitativeresults,ortrends（fromResults）reportthoseresultswhichanswerthequestionsyouwereaskingidentifytrends,relativechangeordifferences,etc.abriefsummaryofyourinterpetationsandconclusions.（fromDiscussion）clearlystatetheimplicationsoftheanswersyourresultsgaveyou.WhereastheTitlecanonlymakethesimpleststatementaboutthecontentofyourarticle,theAbstractallowsyoutoelaboratemoreoneachmajoraspectofthepaper.ThelengthofyourAbstractshouldbekepttoabout200-300wordsmaximum（atypicalstandardlengthforjournals.）Limityourstatementsconcerningeachsegmentofthepaper（i.e.purpose,methods,results,etc.）totwoorthreesentences,ifpossible.TheAbstracthelpsreadersdecidewhethertheywanttoreadtherestofthepaper,oritmaybetheonlyparttheycanobtainviaelectronicliteraturesearchesorinpublishedabstracts.Therefore,enoughkeyinformation（e.g.,summaryresults,observations,trends,etc.）mustbeincludedtomaketheAbstractusefultosomeonewhomaytoreferenceyourworkofpageHowdoyouknowwhenyouhaveenoughinformationinyourAbstract?

Asimplerule-of-thumbistoimaginethatyouareanotherresearcherdoinganstudysimilartotheoneyouarereporting.IfyourAbstractwastheonlypartofthepaperyoucouldaccess,wouldyoubehappywiththeinformationpresentedthere?

2.Style:

TheAbstractisONLYtext.Usetheactivevoicewhenpossible,butmuchofitmayrequirepassiveconstructions.WriteyourAbstractusingconcise,butcomplete,sentences,andgettothepointquickly.Usepasttense.Maximumlengthshouldbe200-300words,usuallyinasingleparagraph.TheAbstractSHOULDNOTcontain:

lengthybackgroundinformation,referencestootherliterature,elliptical（i.e.,endingwith...）orincompletesentences,abbreviationsortermsthatmaybeconfusingtoreaders,anysortofillustration,figure,ortable,orreferencestothem.Topofpage3.Strategy:

Althoughitisthefirstsectionofyourpaper,theAbstract,bydefinition,mustbewrittenlastsinceitwillsummarizethepaper.TobegincomposingyourAbstract,takewholesentencesorkeyphrasesfromeachsectionandputtheminasequencewhichsummarizesthepaper.Thensetaboutrevisingoraddingwordstomakeitallcohesiveandclear.AsyoubecomemoreproficientyouwillmostlikelycomposetheAbstractfromscratch.4.Checkyourwork:

Onceyouhavethecompletedabstract,checktomakesurethattheinformationintheabstractcompletelyagreeswithwhatiswritteninthepaper.ConfirmthatalltheinformationappearingtheabstractactuallyappearsinthebodyofthepaperofpageINTRODUCTION[strategy|FAQs|style|structure|relevantliteraturereview|statementofpurpose|rationale]1.Function:

ThefunctionoftheIntroductionisto:

Establishthecontextoftheworkbeingreported.Thisisaccomplishedbydiscussingtherelevantprimaryresearchliterature（withcitations）andsummarizingourcurrentunderstandingoftheproblemyouareinvestigating;Statethepurposeoftheworkintheformofthehypothesis,question,orproblemyouinvestigated;and,Brieflyexplainyourrationaleandapproachand,wheneverpossible,thepossibleoutcomesyourstudycanreveal.Quiteliterally,theIntroductionmustanswerthequestions,"WhatwasIstudying?

Whywasitanimportantquestion?

WhatdidweknowaboutitbeforeIdidthisstudy?

Howwillthisstudyadvanceourknowledge?

"2.Style:

Usetheactivevoiceasmuchaspossible.Someuseoffirstpersonisokay,butdonotoverdoitofpage3.Structure:

ThestructureoftheIntroductioncanbethoughtofasaninvertedtriangle-thebroadestpartatthetoprepresentingthemostgeneralinformationandfocusingdowntothespecificproblemyoustudied.OrganizetheinformationtopresentthemoregeneralaspectsofthetopicearlyintheIntroduction,thennarrowtowardthemorespecifictopicalinformationthatprovidescontext,finallyarrivingatyourstatementofpurposeandrationale.AgoodwaytogetontrackistosketchouttheIntroductionbackwards;startwith