人工智能英文文献原文及译文.docx
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人工智能英文文献原文及译文
附件四英文文献原文
ArtificialIntelligence
"Artificialintelligence"isawordwasoriginallyDartmouthin1956toputforward.Fromthenon,researchershavedevelopedmanytheoriesandprinciples,theconceptofartificialintelligenceisalsoexpands.Artificialintelligenceisachallengingjobofscience,thepersonmustknowcomputerknowledge,psychologyandphilosophy.Artificialintelligenceisincludedawiderangeofscience,itiscomposedofdifferentfields,suchasmachinelearning,computervision,etc,onthewhole,theresearchonartificialintelligenceisoneofthemaingoalsofthemachinecandosomeusuallyneedtoperformcomplexhumanintelligence.Butindifferenttimesanddifferentpeopleinthe"complex"understandingisdifferent.Suchasheavyscienceandengineeringcalculationwassupposedtobethebraintoundertake,nowcomputercannotonlycompletethiscalculation,andfasterthanthehumanbraincanmoreaccurately,andthusthepeoplenolongerputthiscalculationisregardedas"theneedtoperformcomplexhumanintelligence,complextasks"workisdefinedasthedevelopmentofTheTimesandtheprogressoftechnology,artificialintelligenceisthescienceofspecifictargetandnatureasTheTimeschangeanddevelopment.Ontheonehanditcontinuestogainnewprogressontheonehand,andturningtomoremeaningful,themoredifficultthetarget.Currentcanbeusedtostudythemainmaterialofartificialintelligenceandartificialintelligencetechnologytorealizethemachineisacomputer,thedevelopmenthistoryofartificialintelligenceiscomputerscienceandtechnologyandthedevelopmenttogether.Besidesthecomputerscienceandartificialintelligencealsoinvolvesinformation,cybernetics,automation,bionics,biology,psychology,logic,linguistics,medicineandphilosophyandmulti-discipline.Artificialintelligenceresearchinclude:
knowledgerepresentation,automaticreasoningandsearchmethod,machinelearningandknowledgeacquisitionandprocessingofknowledgesystem,naturallanguageprocessing,computervision,intelligentrobot,automaticprogramdesign,etc.
Practicalapplicationofmachinevision:
fingerprintidentification,facerecognition,retinaidentification,irisidentification,palm,expertsystem,intelligentidentification,search,theoremprovinggame,automaticprogramming,andaerospaceapplications.
Artificialintelligenceisasubjectcategories,belongtothedooredgedisciplineofnaturalscienceandsocialscience.
Involvingscientificphilosophyandcognitivescience,mathematics,neurophysiological,psychology,computerscience,informationtheory,cybernetics,notqualitativetheory,bionics.
Theresearchcategoryofnaturallanguageprocessing,knowledgerepresentation,intelligentsearch,reasoning,planning,machinelearning,knowledgeacquisition,combinedschedulingproblem,perception,patternrecognition,logicdesignprogram,softcalculation,inaccurateanduncertainty,themanagementofartificiallife,neuralnetwork,andcomplexsystem,humanthinkingmodeofgeneticalgorithm.
Applicationsofintelligentcontrol,robotics,languageandimageunderstanding,geneticprogrammingrobotfactory.
Safetyproblems
Artificialintelligenceiscurrentlyinthestudy,butsomescholarsthinkthatlettingcomputershaveIQisverydangerous,itmaybeagainsthumanity.Thehiddendangerinmanymoviehappened.
Thedefinitionofartificialintelligence
Definitionofartificialintelligencecanbedividedintotwoparts,namely"artificial"or"intelligent"."Artificial"betterunderstanding,alsoiscontroversial.Sometimeswewillconsiderwhatpeoplecanmake,orpeoplehavehighdegreeofintelligencetocreateartificialintelligence,etc.Butgenerallyspeaking,"artificialsystem"isusuallysignificanceofartificialsystem.
Whatisthe"smart",withmanyproblems.Thisinvolvesothersuchasconsciousness,ego,thinking(includingtheunconsciousthoughtsetc.Peopleonlyknowofintelligenceisoneintelligent,thisistheuniversalviewofourown.Butweareverylimitedunderstandingoftheintelligenceoftheintelligentpeopleconstituteelementsarenecessarytofind,soitisdifficulttodefinewhatis"artificial"manufacturing"intelligent".Sotheartificialintelligenceresearchofteninvolvedinthestudyofintelligentitself.Otheraboutanimalorotherartificialintelligencesystemiswidelyconsideredtoberelatedtothestudyofartificialintelligence.
Artificialintelligenceiscurrentlyinthecomputerfield,themoreextensiveattention.Andintherobot,economicandpoliticaldecisions,controlsystem,simulationsystemapplication.Inotherareas,italsoplayedanindispensablerole.
ThefamousAmericanStanforduniversityprofessornelsonartificialintelligenceresearchcenterofartificialintelligenceundersuchadefinition:
"artificialintelligenceabouttheknowledgeofthesubjectisandhowtorepresentknowledge--howtogainknowledgeanduseofscientificknowledge.ButanotherAmericanMITprofessorWinstonthought:
"artificialintelligenceishowtomakethecomputertodowhatonlycandointelligentwork."Thesecommentsreflecttheartificialintelligencedisciplinebasicideasandbasiccontent.Namelyartificialintelligenceisthestudyofhumanintelligenceactivities,hascertainlaw,researchofartificialintelligencesystem,howtomakethecomputertocompletebeforetheintelligenceneedstodowork,alsoistostudyhowtheapplicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftwaretosimulatehumansomeintelligentbehaviorofthebasictheory,methodsandtechniques.
Artificialintelligenceisabranchofcomputerscience,sincethe1970s,knownasoneofthethreetechnologies(spacetechnology,energytechnology,artificialintelligence).Alsoconsideredthe21stcentury(geneticengineering,nanoscience,artificialintelligence)isoneofthethreetechnologies.Itisnearlythreeyearsithasbeendevelopedrapidly,andinmanyfieldsarewidelyapplied,andhavemadegreatachievements,artificialintelligencehasgraduallybecomeanindependentbranch,bothintheoryandpracticearealreadybecomesasystem.Itsresearchresultsaregraduallyintegratedintopeople'slives,andcreatemorehappinessformankind.
Artificialintelligenceisthatthecomputersimulationresearchofsomethinkingprocessandintelligentbehavior(suchasstudy,reasoning,thinking,planning,etc.),includingcomputertorealizeintelligentprinciple,makesimilartothatofhumanintelligence,computercanachievehigherlevelofcomputerapplication.Artificialintelligencewillinvolvethecomputerscience,philosophyandlinguistics,psychology,etc.Thatwasalmostnaturalscienceandsocialsciencedisciplines,thescopeofallalreadyfarbeyondthescopeofcomputerscienceandartificialintelligenceandthinkingscienceistherelationshipbetweentheoryandpractice,artificialintelligenceisinthemodeofthinkingsciencetechnologyapplicationlevel,isoneofitsapplication.Fromtheviewofthinking,artificialintelligenceisnotlimitedtologicalthinking,wanttoconsiderthethinkinginimage,theinspirationofthoughtofartificialintelligencecanpromotethedevelopmentofthebreakthrough,mathematicsareoftenthoughtofasavarietyofbasicscience,mathematicsandlanguage,thoughtintofields,artificialintelligencesubjectalsomustnotusemathematicaltool,mathematicallogic,thefuzzymathematicsinstandardetc,mathematicsintothescopeofartificialintelligencediscipline,theywillpromoteeachotheranddevelopfaster.
Abriefhistoryofartificialintelligence
ArtificialintelligencecanbetracedbacktoancientEgypt'slegend,butwith1941,sincethedevelopmentofcomputertechnologyhasfinallycancreatemachineintelligence,"artificialintelligence"isawordin1956wasfirstproposed,Dartmouthlearnedsincethen,researchershavedevelopedmanytheoriesandprinciples,theconceptofartificialintelligence,itexpandsandnotinthelonghistoryofthedevelopmentofartificialintelligence,theslowerthanexpected,buthasbeeninadvance,from40yearsago,nowappearstohavemanyAIprograms,andtheyalsoaffectedthedevelopmentofothertechnologies.TheemergenceofAIprograms,creatingimmeasurablewealthforthecommunity,promotingthedevelopmentofhumancivilization.
Thecomputerera
1941aninventionthatinformationstorageandhandlingallaspectsoftherevolutionhappened.ThisalsoappearedintheU.S.andGermany'sinventionisthefirstelectroniccomputer.Takeafewbigpackofairconditioningroom,theprogrammer'snightmare:
justrunaprogramforthousandsoflinestosetthe1949.Afterimprovementcanbestoredprocedurecomputerprogramsthatmakeiteasiertoinput,andthedevelopmentofthetheoryofcomputerscience,andultimatelycomputerai.Thisinelectroniccomputerprocessingmethodsofdata,fortheinventionofartificialintelligencecouldprovideakindofmedia.
ThebeginningofAI
AlthoughthecomputerAIprovidesnecessaryfortechnicalbasis,butuntiltheearly1950s,peoplenoticedbetweenmachineandhumanintelligence.NorbertWieneristhestudyofthetheoryofAmericanfeedback.Mostfamiliarfeedbackcontrolexampleisthethermostat.Itwillbecollectedroomtemperatureandhope,andreactiontemperaturecomparedtoopenorclosesmallheater,thuscontrollingenvironmentaltemperature.TheimportanceofthestudyliesinthefeedbackloopWiener:
alltheoreticallytheintelligenceactivitiesarearesultoffeedbackmechanismandfeedbackmechanismis.Canusemachine.ThefindingsofthesimulationofearlydevelopmentofAI.
1955,SimonandendNewellcalled"alogicalexperts"program.Thisprogramisconsideredbymany