胡壮麟语言学教程笔记重点.docx

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胡壮麟语言学教程笔记重点

胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点

音位理论;最小对立体;自由变异;互补分布;语音的相似性;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音(词重音、句子重音、音高和语调)等。

第五章  词法学

词法的定义;曲折词与派生词;构词法(合成与派生);词素的定义;词素变体;自由词素;粘着词素(词根,词缀和词干)等。

第六章  词汇学

词的定义;语法词与词汇词;变词与不变词;封闭词与开放词;词的辨认;习语与搭配。

第七章  句法

句法的定义;句法关系;结构;成分;直接成分分析法;并列结构与从属结构;句子成分;范畴(性,数,格);一致;短语,从句,句子扩展等。

第八章  语义学

语义的定义;语义的有关理论;意义种类(传统、功能、语用);里奇的语义分类;词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义);句子语义关系。

第九章  语言变化

语言的发展变化(词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化);

第十章  语言、思维与文化

语言与文化的定义;萨丕尔-沃夫假说;语言与思维的关系;语言与文化的关系;中西文化的异同。

第十一章  语用学

语用学的定义;语义学与语用学的区别;语境与意义;言语行为理论(言内行为、言外行为和言后行为);合作原则。

 

1.语言的普遍特征:

任意性arbitrariness

双层结构duality既由声音和意义结构

多产性productivity

移位性displacement:

我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西

文化传播性culturaltransmission

2。

语言的功能:

传达信息功能informative

人济功能:

interpersonal

行事功能:

Performative

表情功能:

Emotive

寒暄功能:

Phatic

娱乐功能recreatinal

元语言功能metalingual

3.语言学linguistics:

包括六个分支

语音学Phonetics

音位学phonology

形态学Morphology

句法学syntax

语义学semantics

语用学pragmatics

4.现代结构主义语言学创始人:

Ferdinanddesaussure

提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:

语言与言语languageandparole,语言之语言系统的整体,言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语

5.语法创始人:

NoamChomsky

提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceandperformance

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:

a.wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguage

b.wecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.

c.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresent

d.wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore.

2.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?

a.interpersonal

b.phatic

c.informative

d.metallingual

3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?

"is__

ainformative

b.phatic

c.directive

d.performative

4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby__

asaussure

b.halliday

c.chomsky

d.thepragueschool

5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?

a.saussure

b.chomsky

c.halliday

danomymous

第二节语音学

1.发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成

2.辅音consonant:

thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.

3.辅音的发音方式

爆破音completeobstruction

鼻音nasals

破裂音plosives

部分阻塞辅音partialobstruction

擦音fricatives

破擦音affricates等

4.辅音清浊特征voicing

辅音的送气特征aspiration

5.元音vowel

分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的形状

6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowelglides

1.Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.

a.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech

b.theperceptionofsounds

c.thecombinationofsounds

d.theproductionofsounds

2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__

a.theplaceofarticulation

b.theobstructionfairstream

c.thepositionofthetongue

d.theshapeofthelips

3.Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:

p,kt

a.voiceless

b.spread

c.voiced

d.nasal

4.Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?

a.voicing

b.aspiration

c.roundness

d.nasality

5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?

a.voicing

b.nasal

c.approximation

d.aspiration

6.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare__

a.voicedstop

b.voicelessstop

c.voicedfricative

d.voicelessfricative

7.pisdivverentfromkin__

a.themannerofarticulation

b.theshapeofthelips

c.thevibrationofthevocalcords

d.thepalceofarticualtion

8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__

a.aspiration

b.nasality

c.obstruction

d.voicing

第三节音位学phonology

1.音位学与语音学的区别:

语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音;音位学则强调语音的社会功能,其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

2.音位phoneme:

最小语音单位

3.音位变体allophones:

读音差别

4.对比性分布:

如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中,而且产生了两个不同的单词,

5.互补性分布;如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中,那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系,如送气p绝不会出现在s之后,不送气的p绝不会出现在词首

6.音节syllable,分为节首onset,节峰peak,节尾coda

7.辅音群:

一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音,节尾不能超过4个

8.最小语音对minimalpairs

I.Introduction

1.WhatisLanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics

3.1SpeechandWriting

Onegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.

3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(说明性)

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.

3.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)Studies

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

3.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)

ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔)earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.

3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行为)

Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(发声).

4.TheScopeofLinguistics

Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.

Phonology(音韵学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.

Morphology(词法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.

Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.

Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.

HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.

Anthropologicallinguistics(人文语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.

Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.

Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.

Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.

II.Phonetics(语音学)

1.scopeofphonetics

Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:

Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate(协调)intheprocess.

Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated(调节)bytheear,theauditorynerve(神经)andthebrain.

Acousticphonetics(声学语音学)westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted(传送)betweenmouthandear.

2.Thevocalorgans

Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,(气流发生器官)theproducerofvoice(声音发生器官)andtheresonatingcavities.(声音共振器官)

3.Consonants(辅音)

Placesofarticulation(发音部位):

bilabial,(双唇)Labiodentals,(唇齿)dental,(齿)alveolar,(齿龈)retroflex,(卷舌)palate-alveolar,(上齿龈)palatal,(上颚)velar,(软腭)uvular,(小舌)glottal(声门)

Mannersofarticulation:

plosive,(暴破)nasal,(鼻音)trill,(颤音)lateral,(边音)fricative,(摩擦)approximant,(近似音)affricate(破擦)

4.Vowels(元音)

Theclassificationofvowels:

theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),andthedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded)

III.Phonology(音韵学)

1.phonemes(音素):

adistinctive(有区别的)soundinalanguage.

2.Allophones(音位变体):

Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.

3.Minimalpairs(最小对立体):

wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.

4.Freevariation(自由变异):

Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment(环境),theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.

5.Complementarydistribution(补充分类):

Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.

6.Suprasegmentalphonology(超音段音位):

thestudyofphonologicalproperties(

性质)ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable(音节),stress,(重音)wordstress,sentencestress.pitch(音调)andintonation(语调).

IV.Morphology(词法)

1.inflection(构形法):

thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.(屈折词缀)

2.Word-formation(构词):

theprocesses(过程)ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.(表明词法关系)Theyarecompound(合成)andderivation(派生).

3.Morpheme(词素):

thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

4.Allomorph(同质异象变体):

somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.

5.Typesofmorphemes:

Theyareroots,(词根)affix(词缀)andstem(词干).

6.Lexicon(语言词汇):

initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.

7.Closed-classwords(封闭性)andopen-classwords(开放性):

theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple(实际上)indefiniteorunlimited.

8.Wordclass(词性):

Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.

9.Lexeme(词位):

thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.

10.Idiom(习语,成语):

Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords(词序)whichissemantically(语义上)andoftensyntactically(句法上)restricted.(限制)

11.Collocation(搭配):

thehabitual(习惯的)co-o

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