四川大学博士研究生入学英语考试题.docx

四川大学博士研究生入学英语考试题.docx

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四川大学博士研究生入学英语考试题

四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题

Passage1

Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist;theother,theappliedscientist.

Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofnaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticalproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheother,however,forthetwogroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe"problem"forthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:

heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.

Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientists

specializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.

1.Theappliedscientist______.

A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblemsB.providesthe

basicknowledgeforpractice

C.appliestheresultsofresearchtopracticeD.doesoriginal

researchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature

2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.

A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscienceB.theapplied

scientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnature

C.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD.

appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist

3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.

A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetals

B.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheit

C.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperatures

D.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures

4.Finermadfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.

A.greaterindependenceofeachscience

B.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciences

C.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialistsD.theneedforonly

onclassificationofscientists

5."Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded"meansthat____.

A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyearB.sciencehas

developedmorefieldsofendeavor

C.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizon

D.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospace

chowPassage2

InTheDisunitingofAmerica:

ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition（W.W.Norton）SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica's"culturewars".

Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:

Whatholdsanationtogether?

AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?

Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestodividethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitsdiversitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhat

heseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:

thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradical

rightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.

Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjusticesconcealedbythe"meltingpot"dream.TheDisunitingofAmericaisbothacademicandpersonal,forcefulinargument,balancedinjudgment.Itisabookthatwillnodoubtangersomereaders,butitwillsurelymakeallofthemthinkagain.ThewinnerofPulitzerPrizesforhistoryandforbiography,anauthoritativevoiceofAmericanliberalism,Schlesingerisuniquelypositionedtobringboldanswersandhealingwisdomtothispassionatedebateoverwhoweareandwhatweshouldbecome.

6.AccordingtoSchlesinger,theUnitedStatesis_____.

A.ameltingpot

B.anationwithdiverseculturesheldtogetherbythedemocraticprocess

C.afederationofethnicandracialcommunities

D.anationwithvariousethnicandracialgroups

7.WecaninferfromthepassagethatSchlesinger______.

A.advocatestheassimilationofdifferentculturesintoonenationhood

B.prefersmulticulturalismtomonoculturalism

C.givesfullsupporttotheemergingcultofethnicity

D.holdsthateachracialgroupshouldkeepitsdistinctidentity

8.TheauthorwantstotellusthatAmerica_____.

A.isexperiencingacrisisofnationhoodB.istryingtorestricttheBillofRight

C.hasendeditshistoryofracialprejudiceD.hastriedtoobstructintellectualfreedom

9.Accordingtotheauthor,Schlesinger'sbookwill____.

A.causeangeramongtheradicalrightB.causeangeramongtheradicalleft

C.putanendtotheculturewarsinAmericaD.provokethinkingamongthereaders

10.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom__.

A.ahistorybookB.abookintroductionC.abookreviewD.ajournalofliterarycriticism

chowPassage3

TheElNino（"littleboy"inSpanish）thatpoundedtheglobebetweenthesummersof1997and1998wasinsomemeasurethemostdestructiveinthiscentury.Worldwidedamageestimatesexceed~20billion--nottomentionthehumandeathtollcausedbyresultingdroughts,floodsandbushfires.ElNinoandLaNina（"littlegirl"）arepartofaseesawingofwindsandcurrentsintheequatorialPacificcalledENSO（ElNinoSouthernOscillation）thatappearseverytwotoeightyears.Normally,westward-blowingtradewindscausedbytherotationoftheearthandconditionsintheTropicspushsurfacewateracrossthePacifictowardsAsia.ThewarmwaterpilesupalongthecoastsofIndonesia,AustraliaandthePhilippines,raisingsealevelsmorethanafootabovethoseontheSouthAmericansideofthePacific.AsElNinobuildsthenormaleast-to-westtradewindswane.Likewatersplashinginagiantbathtub,theelevatedpoolofwarmwaterwashesfromAsianshoresbacktowardsSouthAmerica.

Inlastseason'scycle,surfacetemperaturesoffthewestcoastofSouthAmericasoaredfromanormalhighof23°Cdegreesto28°Cdegrees.Thisareaofwarmwater,twicethesizeofthecontinentalUS,interactedwiththeatmosphere,creatingstormsanddisplacinghigh-altitudewinds.ElNinobroughtrainthatfloodednormallydrycoastalareasofEcuador,ChileandPeru,whiledroughtsstruckAustraliaandIndonesia.FiresdestroyedsomefivemillionacresofIndonesianforest.Thedrought,alongwiththeeconomiccrisis,leftaboutfivemillionpeopledesperateforfoodandwater.TheseconditionshelpedsetthestageforriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.ElNinoalsotooktheblameforextremetemperaturesinTexaslastsummerover38°Cdegreesforarecord30daysinarow.InFlorida,lushvegetationturnedtotinderandbushfiresraged.EvenBritainhasbeenswelteringwithourhottestyearonrecordin1997.

11.AsElSinobuilds,_____.

A.thenormalwestwardtradewindsweakenB.thenormaleastwardtradewindsweaken

C.thenormalwestwardtradewindsstrengthenD.thenormaleastwardtradewindsstrengthen

12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.ElNinoresultsfromdroughts,floodsandbushfires.

B.ElNinobroughtraintomostareasthatwereaffected,

C.WhenElNinoappeared,someoftheworld'srainforestswereattackedbydroughts.

D.MostareasthatwereaffectedbyElNinogotdroughts.

13.OnceElNinoevenplayedaroleinthepoliticalworld.Whatwasit?

A.PresidentSuhartowasoverthrownbythedroughtcausedbyElNino.

B.ElNinocausedriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.

C.PresidentSuhartoresignedbecauseofthedroughtcausedbyElNino.

D.ThedroughtcausedbyElNinotogetherwiththeeconomiccrisisprevailinginIndonesiahelpedtooverthrowPresidentSuharto.

14.Thephrase"inarow"inthelastparagraphmeans____.

A.continuouslyB.inalineC.awfullyD.nowandthen

15.Thewriterofthispassageismostlikelytobe____.

A.anAustraliaobserverB.aBritishnationalC.anAmericangeographer

D.anIndonesiajournalist

chowPassage4

InpatientswithHuntington'sdisease,it'sthepartofthebraincalledthebasalgangliathat'sdestroyed.Whilethesevictimshavepe