四川大学博士研究生入学英语考试题.docx
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四川大学博士研究生入学英语考试题
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题
Passage1
Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist;theother,theappliedscientist.
Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofnaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticalproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheother,however,forthetwogroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe"problem"forthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:
heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.
Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientists
specializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.
1.Theappliedscientist______.
A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblemsB.providesthe
basicknowledgeforpractice
C.appliestheresultsofresearchtopracticeD.doesoriginal
researchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature
2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.
A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscienceB.theapplied
scientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnature
C.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD.
appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist
3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.
A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetals
B.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheit
C.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperatures
D.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures
4.Finermadfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.
A.greaterindependenceofeachscience
B.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciences
C.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialistsD.theneedforonly
onclassificationofscientists
5."Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded"meansthat____.
A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyearB.sciencehas
developedmorefieldsofendeavor
C.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizon
D.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospace
chowPassage2
InTheDisunitingofAmerica:
ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition(W.W.Norton)SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica's"culturewars".
Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:
Whatholdsanationtogether?
AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?
Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestodividethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitsdiversitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhat
heseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:
thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradical
rightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.
Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjusticesconcealedbythe"meltingpot"dream.TheDisunitingofAmericaisbothacademicandpersonal,forcefulinargument,balancedinjudgment.Itisabookthatwillnodoubtangersomereaders,butitwillsurelymakeallofthemthinkagain.ThewinnerofPulitzerPrizesforhistoryandforbiography,anauthoritativevoiceofAmericanliberalism,Schlesingerisuniquelypositionedtobringboldanswersandhealingwisdomtothispassionatedebateoverwhoweareandwhatweshouldbecome.
6.AccordingtoSchlesinger,theUnitedStatesis_____.
A.ameltingpot
B.anationwithdiverseculturesheldtogetherbythedemocraticprocess
C.afederationofethnicandracialcommunities
D.anationwithvariousethnicandracialgroups
7.WecaninferfromthepassagethatSchlesinger______.
A.advocatestheassimilationofdifferentculturesintoonenationhood
B.prefersmulticulturalismtomonoculturalism
C.givesfullsupporttotheemergingcultofethnicity
D.holdsthateachracialgroupshouldkeepitsdistinctidentity
8.TheauthorwantstotellusthatAmerica_____.
A.isexperiencingacrisisofnationhoodB.istryingtorestricttheBillofRight
C.hasendeditshistoryofracialprejudiceD.hastriedtoobstructintellectualfreedom
9.Accordingtotheauthor,Schlesinger'sbookwill____.
A.causeangeramongtheradicalrightB.causeangeramongtheradicalleft
C.putanendtotheculturewarsinAmericaD.provokethinkingamongthereaders
10.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom__.
A.ahistorybookB.abookintroductionC.abookreviewD.ajournalofliterarycriticism
chowPassage3
TheElNino("littleboy"inSpanish)thatpoundedtheglobebetweenthesummersof1997and1998wasinsomemeasurethemostdestructiveinthiscentury.Worldwidedamageestimatesexceed~20billion--nottomentionthehumandeathtollcausedbyresultingdroughts,floodsandbushfires.ElNinoandLaNina("littlegirl")arepartofaseesawingofwindsandcurrentsintheequatorialPacificcalledENSO(ElNinoSouthernOscillation)thatappearseverytwotoeightyears.Normally,westward-blowingtradewindscausedbytherotationoftheearthandconditionsintheTropicspushsurfacewateracrossthePacifictowardsAsia.ThewarmwaterpilesupalongthecoastsofIndonesia,AustraliaandthePhilippines,raisingsealevelsmorethanafootabovethoseontheSouthAmericansideofthePacific.AsElNinobuildsthenormaleast-to-westtradewindswane.Likewatersplashinginagiantbathtub,theelevatedpoolofwarmwaterwashesfromAsianshoresbacktowardsSouthAmerica.
Inlastseason'scycle,surfacetemperaturesoffthewestcoastofSouthAmericasoaredfromanormalhighof23°Cdegreesto28°Cdegrees.Thisareaofwarmwater,twicethesizeofthecontinentalUS,interactedwiththeatmosphere,creatingstormsanddisplacinghigh-altitudewinds.ElNinobroughtrainthatfloodednormallydrycoastalareasofEcuador,ChileandPeru,whiledroughtsstruckAustraliaandIndonesia.FiresdestroyedsomefivemillionacresofIndonesianforest.Thedrought,alongwiththeeconomiccrisis,leftaboutfivemillionpeopledesperateforfoodandwater.TheseconditionshelpedsetthestageforriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.ElNinoalsotooktheblameforextremetemperaturesinTexaslastsummerover38°Cdegreesforarecord30daysinarow.InFlorida,lushvegetationturnedtotinderandbushfiresraged.EvenBritainhasbeenswelteringwithourhottestyearonrecordin1997.
11.AsElSinobuilds,_____.
A.thenormalwestwardtradewindsweakenB.thenormaleastwardtradewindsweaken
C.thenormalwestwardtradewindsstrengthenD.thenormaleastwardtradewindsstrengthen
12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
A.ElNinoresultsfromdroughts,floodsandbushfires.
B.ElNinobroughtraintomostareasthatwereaffected,
C.WhenElNinoappeared,someoftheworld'srainforestswereattackedbydroughts.
D.MostareasthatwereaffectedbyElNinogotdroughts.
13.OnceElNinoevenplayedaroleinthepoliticalworld.Whatwasit?
A.PresidentSuhartowasoverthrownbythedroughtcausedbyElNino.
B.ElNinocausedriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.
C.PresidentSuhartoresignedbecauseofthedroughtcausedbyElNino.
D.ThedroughtcausedbyElNinotogetherwiththeeconomiccrisisprevailinginIndonesiahelpedtooverthrowPresidentSuharto.
14.Thephrase"inarow"inthelastparagraphmeans____.
A.continuouslyB.inalineC.awfullyD.nowandthen
15.Thewriterofthispassageismostlikelytobe____.
A.anAustraliaobserverB.aBritishnationalC.anAmericangeographer
D.anIndonesiajournalist
chowPassage4
InpatientswithHuntington'sdisease,it'sthepartofthebraincalledthebasalgangliathat'sdestroyed.Whilethesevictimshavepe