高考英语一轮复习语法专题第一讲构词法新人教版.docx

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高考英语一轮复习语法专题第一讲构词法新人教版.docx

高考英语一轮复习语法专题第一讲构词法新人教版

语法专题复习

第一讲 构词法

一、构词法的分类

1.派生法,即把词根加上前缀或后缀,得出一个新的单词。

如:

richadj.富有的→enrichv.丰富

homen.家→homelessadj.无家可归的

2.转换法,即同一单词具有多种词性,也即词性活用。

如:

backn.背→backv.支持

slowadj.慢的→slowv.减慢

Youcanusethe_waterintheditchtowatertheflowers.

你可用沟里的水浇花。

3.合成法,即由两个单词合成一个单词。

如:

blackboardn.黑板

handmadeadj.手工制作的

二、派生词

在高考英语试卷的语法填空题中,有两到三个小题涉及派生词。

因此,我们此讲的重点为派生词。

(一)名词后缀

1.动词+ion/tion/sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程)

correctv.改正;纠正  correctionn.改正

celebratev.庆祝celebrationn.庆祝;庆祝会

concludev.完成;结束conclusionn.结论;结束

2.动词+er/or→名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人)

drivev.驾驶开车;驱赶 drivern.司机;驾驶员

gatherv.聚集;采集gatherern.收集者;采集者

conductv.指挥;管理conductorn.指挥;售票员

3.动词+ment→名词

punishv.惩罚punishmentn.惩罚

4.动词/形容词+th→名词

warmadj.温暖的warmthn.温暖

growv.生长growthn.生长

5.形容词+y→名词

difficultadj.困难的difficultyn.困难

honestadj.诚实的honestyn.诚实

6.形容词+ness→名词

kindadj.善良的kindnessn.善良

7.动词+ance→名词

annoyvt.使烦恼annoyancen.生气;烦恼

8.ship结尾的名词(表示身份、关系、资格)

membern.成员;会员membershipn.会员资格

professorn.教授professorshipn.教授身份

9.ing结尾的名词

gardenn.花园gardeningn.园艺

greetv.打招呼;问候greetingn.问候

10.age结尾的名词

marryv.结婚marriagen.婚姻

shortadj.短的shortagen.短缺

用所给单词的适当形式填空。

Fromthe1.    (express)onMary'sface,heknewheleftbad2.    (impress)onherandifshewonthe3.    (elect)tobecomechairmanoftheEnvironment4.    (organize),hecouldnotgether5.________(permit)tojoinitalthoughhewaswillingtodohisbittoridtheworldof6.    (pollute)andtohelppeopleenjoyabetterEarth.Whenhewaswonderinghowtochangethisembarrassingsituation,hegot7.    (inspire)fromhiswife'swords.Yes,heshouldtryhisbesttowintheelectionandbecomechairmanhimselfwithhis8.________(determine)toworkfortheorganization.“Mydear,youarereallyawonderful9.    (help)!

I'msureIwillbethe10.    (win)oftheelection.”Hesaidtohiswifeexcitedly.

ItwasreallyahardtimewhenLiPingfirstcametotheUnitedStates.His1.    (earn)couldhardlycovertheexpenses,sowhenhiswifegave2.    (bear)totheirseconddaughter,theycouldnotaffordenoughnutritiousfood.Soon,poornutritioncausedthe3.    (die)ofthepoorbaby.4.    (lonely)wasanotherproblembecausetheyhadno5.    (relate)orfriendsthere.Thankstohis6.    (brave)and7.    (persevere),hemanagedtogainthe8.    (citizen)oftheUnitedStatesandintheendhehadhispermanent9.________(settle).Healwaystellshischildrenlikethis:

Perseveranceleadsto10.    (happy)andsuccess.

强化训练一

A.1.expression 2.impression 3.election 4.Organization

5.permission 6.pollution 7.inspiration 8.determination

9.helper 10.winner

B.1.earnings 2.birth 3.death 4.Loneliness

5.relations/relatives 6.bravery 7.perseverance

8.citizenship 9.settlement 10.happiness

(二)形容词、副词后缀

1.常见形容词后缀

(1)名词+al→形容词(表示有……属性,与……有关)。

agriculturen.农业  agriculturaladj.农业的

(2)动词+ive→形容词。

decidev.决定;下决心

decisiveadj.决定性的;关键的

(3)动词+able→形容词(表示能够,适于,值得)。

changev.变化;兑换

changeableadj.易变的;变化无常的

(4)名词+ful→形容词。

caren.小心;关心carefuladj.小心的;仔细的

(5)名词+less→形容词(意思与原名词相反)。

caren.小心;关心carelessadj.粗心的

(6)名词+ly→形容词。

friendn.朋友friendlyadj.友好的

(7)名词+y→形容词。

dirtn.污物;脏物dirtyadj.脏的

(8)名词+ous→形容词。

dangern.危险dangerousadj.危险的

2.副词后缀

形容词+ly→副词。

carefuladj.仔细的carefullyadv.仔细地

3.复合形容词的构成

(1)形容词+ing分词。

easygoing随和的

(2)形容词+名词+ed。

kindhearted善良的;好心的

(3)名词+ed分词。

watercovered被水覆盖的

(4)副词+ed分词。

wellwritten写得好的

(5)数词+名词+ed。

threelegged三条腿的

Ⅰ.阅读下列句子,写出画线单词的汉语意思。

1.Youcanfindtheworld'slargestcarrentalcompanyinthatcountry.(    )

2.Thegoodworkingconditioninthiscityisattractive.(    )

3.Youcanrelyonhimbecauseheisreliable.(    )

4.Herwordsstruckfearintoherheart,soshewassleeplessallnightlong,afraidofbeingkilledunexpectedlysomeday.(    )

5.Itwasafrostycoldmorningwhenhesetofffortheremotevillage.(    )

6.Asweknow,theAntarcticisanicecoveredcontinent.(    )

7.EverybodysaysLilyisaneasygoinggirl,soshehasmanyfriends.(    )

8.Theoldman'ssunburntfacesuggestedhehadworkedhardinthefieldinsummer.(    )

Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文。

Lucylikestalkingandeverybodysayssheis1.   (communicate).Sheis2.   (act)inansweringtheteachers'questionsandfromtimetotimeherclassmatesfindheranswersquite3.   (impress)and4.   (accept).Ofcourse,noteverystudentlikesher,butshehasmanyfriendswhothinkLucyisa5.________(create)and6.     (help)girl.Forexample,sheonceleda7.________(home)childtoherhomeandmadethechildheryoungersister.Besides,shespent8.   (count)hourscaringforasickneighboruntilshewaswellagain.Sheis9.   (friend)tothosewhohavedifficultywiththeirsubjects.Allinall,Lucyisthemost10.   (fame)girlinherschool.

强化训练二

Ⅰ.1.租赁的 2.吸引人的 3.可依赖的;靠得住的 4.没有睡觉的;不眠的 5.有霜的 6.冰雪覆盖的 7.随和的 8.被太阳晒黑的

Ⅱmunicative 2.active 3.impressive

4.acceptable 5.creative 6.helpful 7.homeless

8.countless 9.friendly 10.famous

(三)动词词缀

1.前缀en+形容词→动词

enrichv.丰富 enlargev.变大;增大;扩大

2.形容词+en→动词

enlightenv.说明;阐明 shortenv.缩短

widenv.加宽

3.fy结尾的动词

simplifyv.简化 classifyv.归类

4.ize结尾的动词

realizev.认识到 popularizev.普及

Ⅰ.阅读下列句子,写出画线部分的意思。

1.Extracurricularactivitiesenablethestudentstoknowhowtoapplytheknowledgelearnedinthetextbooks.(    )

2.Thetwocountriesaretryingtheirbesttonormalize_their_relationship.(    )

3.Somethinkthatstudyingabroadcanbroaden_their_horizon.(    )

4.Youwillhorrifythebabyifyouspeaktooloudly.(    )

Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空。

1.Tryyourbestto    (memory)thesenewwords.

2.Thequestionmustbe    (simple)sothatwecanfindoutasolutiontoit.

3.Itcostsalotofmoneyifweplanto    (pure)thewastewater.

4.He    (quick)hisstepstoarrivehomeearlier.

5.Youcan    (large)yourvocabularyifyoukeeponmemorizingsomenewwordseveryday.

强化训练三

Ⅰ.1.使能够 2.使关系正常化 3.拓宽视野 4.使恐惧

Ⅱ.1.memorize 2.simplified 3.purify 4.quickened

5.enlarge

(四)否定词缀

1.表示否定意义的前缀

un不,非 unable不能够 unlucky不幸的

dis不,非 dishonest不诚实的

discontinuous不连贯的

in不,非 inactive不活跃的 incorrect不正确的

im不,非 impatient不耐烦的

impossible不可能的

ir不,非 irregular不规则的

irresponsible不负责任的

il不,非 illogical不合逻辑的 illegal非法的

non不,非 nonexistent不存在的

nonstop直达的;连续不断的

mis错误 mislead误导 misunderstand误解

dis+动词(意义相反) dislike不喜欢

disagree不同意

un+动词(意义相反) uncover揭开

undress脱衣服

2.表示否定意义的后缀

名词+less→否定意义的形容词

usen.用处    uselessadj.无用的

hopen.希望hopeless没有希望的;绝望的

homen.家homelessadj.无家可归的

用所给单词的适当形式填空。

Thespeechseemedtobe1.    (stop)andthelistenersbecamevery2.    (patient).Whenthespeakersaidthatoilwas3.    (renew)andthatthebestwaytosolvetheproblemwasnottomakecarsandbusestoforcepeopletogotoworkorschoolonfoot,theaudiencethoughtitwas4.    (practice)and5.    (bear)tolistentohimanylonger.They6.    (believe)thattheworldwouldgosmoothlywithoutthesemoderntransportations.Theyalsothoughtthatthespeakerwas7.    (responsible)tomakesuchastatementwithoutthinkingitcarefullyandhisspeechwouldcausesome8.________(understand).Somostofthelistenerschosetoleave,shoutingloudlyandangrily.

强化训练四

1.nonstop 2.impatient 3.nonrenewable 4.impractical

5.unbearable 6.disbelieved 7.irresponsible

8.misunderstandings

阅读下列短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。

(一)

WaltDisneywasanAmericanfilmproducer,1.______(direct),screenwriter,voiceactor,animator,entrepreneur,entertainer,internationaliconandphilanthropist(慈善家).Disneyisfamousforhisinfluenceinthefieldof2.______(entertain)duringthe20thcentury.AlongwithhisbrotherRoyO.Disney,hecofoundedtheWaltDisneyProductions,whichlaterbecameoneofthewellknownmotionpicture3.______(produce)intheworld.

Disneyisparticularly4.________(note)forbeingafilmproducerandapopularshowman,aswellasaninnovatorinanimationandthemeparkdesign.Heandhisstaffcreatedanumberoftheworld'smostfamousfictionalcharactersincludingMickeyMouse,acharacterforwhichDisneyhimselfwasthe5.______(origin)voice.HegavehisnametotheDisneylandandWaltDisneyWorldResortthemeparksintheUnitedStates,aswellastheinternationalresortslikeTokyoDisneyResort,DisneylandParis,andHongKongDisneyland.Thenewseries,AliceComedies,wasreasonably6.______(success),andfeaturedbothDawnO'DayandMargieGayasAlice.Bythetimetheseriesendedin1927,thefocuswasmoreonacatnamedJulius.

Disney'scartoonsbecame7.______(wide)popularintheKansasCityarea.Throughtheirsuccess,Disneywasabletoacquirehisownstudio,alsocalledLaughOGram,forwhichhehiredavastnumberofadditionalanimators.Unfortunately,thestudioprofitswere8.______(sufficient)tocoverthehighsalariespaidto9.______(employ),forWaltwas10.______(able)tosuccessfullymanagemoneythen.Asaresult,thestudiobecameloadedwithdebt.Disneythendecidedtosetupastudiointhemovieindustry'scapitalcity,Hollywood,California.

(二)

Newspaperisapublicationdevoted1.______(chief)topresentingandcommentingonthenews.Newspapersprovideanexcellentmeansofkeepingpeoplewellinformedoncurrentevents.Theyalsoplayan2.______(extreme)importantroleinshapingpublicopinion.

Newspapershavecertainadvantagesoverothermajornewsmedia-television,radio,theInternet,andnewsmagazines.Forexample,newspaperscancovermorenewsinmuchgreaterdetailthantelevisionandradionewscasts.Newsmagazinesfocusonchief3.______(nation)andinternationalevents.Butnewspapersreportlocalaswellasnationalandinternationalnewsandnewspapersofferthepublicsome4.______(humor)storiesandattractivestoriesabout5.__________(wealth)orfamouspeopleaswellas6.______(fool)littlepersons.

However,newspapersalsohavee

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