读写 3.docx

读写 3.docx

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读写3

Chapter3

MakingCorrectandEffectiveSentences

CorrectSentences

Allkindsofwritingaremadeupofsentences.Ifwewanttowritewell,weshouldleamtowritecorrectandgoodsentences.Iothissection,weshalldiscusstherequirementsofacoirectsentence.

Thereareatleasttheserequirements:

1）itshouldbestructurallycomplete；2）itshouldbeginwithacapitalletter;3）itshouldendwithafullstop*oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;and4）itshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea.

1.CompletenessinStructure

Thefollowingsentencesareallcorrect;

Shecame,Johnisagoodcarpenter.Thestudentsusethesedictionarieseveiy（Jay-Hedidn'tknowwhathadha叩eiiedandwasgoingtoaskMr.Smith,whowasusuallywellinformed.

Theyarecorrectbecausetheyarecompleteinstructure:

eachhasasubjectandapredicateverb（thelastsentenceisacomplexonewithamainclauseandsubordinateclauses）andalsobecauseeachbeginswithacapitallettefafldendswithafullstop.

Hereareafewincorrectsentences.Letusexaminethemandfindoutwheretheyarewrong,

xHowtooperatethiscomputer?

xHavelostmykey.yBecausehehadn'tfinishedhisassignment,sohecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.

xTheoldmanreturninghomeaftereightyears’absencetofindthatalltheneighborhehadknownwçrenolongerthere.

xMarkTwainwhoseexperienceasasailorontheMississippiprovidedhimwithabundantmaterialforthenovelshewastowrite.

Thefirstexample,aquestion,isnotcompleteinstructure.Ithasnosubjectorpredicateverb,whicharethetwonecessaiyelementsofanormalsentence.Tomakeitcomplete,wehavetosupplyitwithasubjectandturnth«infinitivephrase（tooperate）intoapredicateverb:

Howdoyouoperatethiscomputer?

Howshouldthiscomputerbeoperated?

Thesecondsentenceiswrongbecauseithasnosubject.Thepronoun/hastobeusedasthesubject:

Ihavelostmykey.

Thethirdsentenceiswrongbecauseithasnomainclause:

thefirstpartisanadverbialclauseintroducedbybecauseandthesecondpartisacoordinateclausebeginningwithso.Oneofthesetwowordshastobeleftout:

HecontinuedworkingintheclassroombecausehehadrVtfinishedhisassign-

ment.

Hehadn'tfinishedhisassignment,sohecontinuedwooingintheclassroom.

Thefourthandfifthsentencesarebothverylong,buttheyarcnotgrammaticallycomplete,becausetherehnopredicateverbineitherofthem.Onewayofimprovingthemis:

Theoldmanreturnedhomeaftereightyears’absencetofindthata）ttheneighbors

hehadknownwerenolongerthere,

MarkTwain'sexperienceasasailorontheMississippiprovidedhimwithabundant

materialtorthenovelshewastowrite.

Withreturnedandprovidedturnedintopredicateverbs,thetwosentencesarcmadecomplete.

Soletusrememberthatanormalsentencemustcontainasubjectandapredicateverb.

Sometimesanounwithsomemodifyingwords（aone-membersentence）,oraclause,orasentencewithsomeelementsmissing（anellipticalsentence）maybeusedlikeacompletesentenceforspecialeffect.Thiswillbediscussedlater.

Task1Pointoutthefragmentsintbefollowii^sentences.

1.ThenheattendedHillsideJuniorHigh.Aschoolthatwasabadexperience.

2.ProfessorWanglecturedforhalfanhourwilhouttakinghiseyesoffhisnotes.LikeProf.Liu,hedidnotencouragestudents*questions.

3.Foreachcategory,awiderangeofpatternstochoosefrom.ItwashanJlypossibletodistinguishbetweenthem.

4.Someofthesefellowswouldgointotherestaurantforasteakdinnerandafewglassesofbeer.Afterthismeal，theywerereadytosetout,

5.Intheseventhgradeeveryyoungboygoesoutforfootball.Toprovetohimselfandhisparentsthatheisaman.

6.Sheopenedthedoorandletusintoherhome.Notrealizingatthetimethatwewouldneverenterthatdoorinherhomeagain.

7.AsNewYeardrawsnear,Ifindmyselflookingbackintomychildhooddaysatthehappytimesofsnowballfights.Tothinkaboutthismakesmehappy.

8.Makinguphismindquickly.Jimorderedtwodozenredrosesforhiswife.Hopingshewouldaccepthisapology.

9.Theywereallhavingagoodtime.UntiloneofJoe’sbestfriendshadthebadnewstotell.

10,Thesmall,one-storyhousesareallthesamesizeandstyle.Withnodifferenceexceptthecolor.

Task2Improvetheparagraphbelow.

ThisisastoryofayoungmanbythenameofBoydeBridges.WholivedinNewZealandonehundredandfortyyearsago.BoydesailedtoNewZealandfromEnglandin1858.Toseekhisfortune,Hiswealthyfatherhadgivenhimalargesumofmoney.TobuyafarmsothatliecouldlivethecomfortableandprosperouslifeoftheEngli$Klandedgentryinafar-offland.Lifeinthecolonies,however,wasveryhardandrough.AndBridgeswasyoungandinexperienced-Hequicklyfellinwiththewrongcompany.Andbeforelongmostofhismoneywasgone.Bridgeshadmadeonefriend*though,AmancalledBillJones,whoworkedasanapprenticeblacksmith.Billwasanhonest,hard-workingfellow.QuitedifferentincharacterfromBoyde.Nevertheless,thetwobecamefriends.

2.TheRightSubject

Hereareafewmorewrongsentences:

xOnenteringthedassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,"GoodmomingrxAfterfinishinghercomposition,thetranslationexercisewastakenup.

xHurryingtothçconferenceroom,noonewasthere,xReturninghomeafterwork,supperwaswaitingforhiminthekitchen,xTolookatamap,theimportanceofthisnewrailwaywillbes的n.

In（hesefivesentencesthesubjectsarenotproperlyrelatedtothegerunds,participlesorinfinitiveinthefirstpartsofthesentences.Thereforetheyarewrongsubjects.Judgingbythemeaningofthefirstsentence,itisnotthestudentsbuttheteacherwhoenteredtheclassroom,sothesubjectshouldbechanged.ThenextfoursentencesarewronginaSimilarway.Improvedversionsfollow：

Onenteringtheclassroom,theteacherwasgreetedbythestudents,whostoodupandsaid,“Good

Afterfinishinghercomposition,shetookupthetranslationexercise.

Hurryingtotheconferenceroom,shesawnobodythere,

Returninghomefromwork,hesawsupperwaitingforhiminthekitchen.

Youhaveonlytolookatamaptoseetheimportanceofthisnewrailway.

Wehavekeptthenonfiniteverbsandchangedthesubjectsintheoriginalsentences.Itisalsopossibletoimprovethesentencesinotherways.Thesesentencesshowthatthesubjectofasentenceshouldbeproperlyrelatedtothenonfmitcverbsbeforeit.

Task3RevisethefoUoivingsentences.

1.Havingmissedlessonsforaweek,awrittenexcusewasneeded.

2.Notknowinghisname,itwasdifficulttointroducehim.

3.Stuckinthemud,theyhadtopushthecar.

4.Steppingdownfromthecar,theyoungstersranforwardtogetagoodlookatthefootballstar.

5.Havingfinishedhercomposition,thetranslationexercisewastakenup.

6.Standingonthetopofthemountain,thelakelookedverybeautiful.

7.Seeingfromthewhole,thecompositionisnotbad.

8.Walkingdownthestreet,acarsuddenlystoppedbesidethem,

9.Notshowingthemthéshortcut,itwillbedifficultforthemtogetthereontime.

iO.Havingdinnerwithhisfamily,afriendcameforavisit.

3-AgreementBetweentheSubjectandthePredicateVerb

Weallknowthesimplerulethatthepredicateverbofasentencehastoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandnumber,suchasathird-personsingularsubjecttakesapredicateverbwith-siftheverbisinthepresenttense.Theremaybeproblemswhenthenumberofthesubjectisnoteasytodetermine.

Hiswholefamilyis/areherewithhim,

Themajorityofthestudentstakingthisexamis/aregirls.

Thesecattlebelong/belongstothatranch.

Ttiereis/areanenormousaudienceinthehall.

Theaudiencewas/wereshockedbythescenesofviolenceinthefilm.

CollectivenounsWkcfamilyandaudiencemaybeeithersingularorplural，dependingonthemeaninginwhichtheyareused.Ifyouthinkoffamily,government,etc.asonewhole,asingularvçrbisneeded.Ifyouthinkoffamily,government,etc.asmadeupofanumberofpeople,apluralverbisneeded.Pluralverbsshouldbeusedinailtheabovesentencesexceptthefourthone，whereaudienceisspokenofasawhole.

Thereis/arealotofimportantnewsIntoday'snewspaper.

Mathematicsis/areextremelyinterestingtohim.

Allthepeopleintheroomis/areenjoyinghisfunnystories.

Thepolicehas/havebegunmakinginquiriesaboutthecase.

ThenumberofPhDdegreeholdersamongtheteachingstaffoftheschoolis/are

verysmall.

AnumberolPhDdegreetioidersareteachingatthisuniversity.

Somewords,likenewsandnamesofbranchesoflearning,areuncountable,andthereforearealwayssingular;somewords,likepeopleandpolice，arealwaysplural.Thenumberisthesubjectofthesentence,sotheverbshouldbesingular;anumberofisamodifierlikemany,andtherealsubjectisPhDdegreeholders,sotheverbshouldbeplural.

Thereis/areanoldworkerandthreeyoungmendoingthejobtoday,

EitheryouorIare/amtotake叩thework.

Whentwosubjectsrefertodifferentpersonsoraredifferentinnumber,theverbshouldagreewiththesubjectclosetoit-Intheabovesentencesisandamarecorrect.

John,togetherwithtwoassistants，is/arerepairingthemachine.

BesidesSmith,Williamis/aregoingtospeakatthemeeting.

Wordsaftertogetherwith^inadditionto,besides,etc.*areobjectsofprepositions;theydonotaffectthenumberofthesubject.Sothesingularverbsarecorrectinthetwosentencesabove.

WhereIcanputallthesebooksis/areaproblem.

WhatIwantis/areonlythreemealsaday.

Asubjectclausegenerallytakesasingul