物联网与电子商务发展文献综述及外文文献.docx

物联网与电子商务发展文献综述及外文文献.docx

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物联网与电子商务发展文献综述及外文文献

本份文档包含：

关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述

一、外文文献

文献信息

标题:

CanMachinesCommunicate?

-TheInternetofThingsandInteroperabilityofInformation

作者:

VanLier,Ben

期刊名称:

EngineeringManagementResearch；第2卷；第1期；页码：

55-66

年份:

2013

CanMachinesCommunicate?

-TheInternetofThingsandInteroperabilityofInformation

Abstract

Intheyearsahead,moreandmorephysicalobjectswillbeconnectedtotheInternet.Theseconnectionswillenableobjectstoexchangeandshareinformationamongthemselves.Thisway,slowlybutsurely,anInternetofThingswilldevelop.InthisInternetofThings,objectsarenotonlyconnectedtoeachother,butalsotopeople.Atrandomcommunicationbetweenobjectsisalsocalledmachine2machinecommunication.Thiscommunicationisbasedontheidea,thoughtupbyShannon,thatcommunicationtakesplacebymeansofmessagesthatcompriseameasurablecombinationofsignalsorinformation.Thesemessagesdonothaveanymeaningorcontentaslongasthereisnoinformationsourcetogivemeaningtothisinformation.ThecombinationofaShannonmessageandthemeaninggiventoitwillleadtointeroperabilityofinformation.Interoperabilityofinformationishereanalyzedandsubstantiatedonthebasisofsystemstheoryandsensemaking.InteroperabilityofInformationmakesnewcombinationspossibleofcommunicationprocessesofsubjectsandobjectsthatinthiswaywillformanewecosystemcomprisinginterconnectedandintercommunicatingsubjectsandobjects.

Keywords:

internetofthings,machine2machinecommunication,interoperabilityofinformation,systemstheory,sensemaking

1.Introduction

Intheyearsahead,moreandmoreobjectswillbeconnectedtotheInternet.Thisway,theexistingInternetwillslowlybutsurelydevelopintoan'InternetofThings'.Duringtheircreation,objectsareincreasinglyprovidedwithtechnologicalpossibilitiestointrinsicallyenablesuchconnection.Inaddition,objectsareprovidedwithtechnologicalapplicationsduringusethatallowthemtobeconnectedandidentifythemselvesasobjects.Cars,forexample,areincreasinglygivingoffsignalsabouttheirgeneralstatus,whethertheyneedmaintenanceorrepairofspecificpartsandwherethisrepaircantakeplace.Themomentofrepairwillbedeterminedbycommunicationbetweenmypersonaldigitalagendaandthegarage'sschedule.Nowadays,carnavigationsystemscandeterminetheoptimumroutetomydestination.Todothis,theyreceivereal-timeinformationaboutthesafest,fastestandcheapestroutetobetaken,whichcanbeadjustedalongthewayaccordingtothecurrentsituationormypreferences.Whiledriving,Icanusemysmartphonetocommunicatebymeansofspeech,textanddata,whilemycariscommunicatingbymeansofvariousSIMcardswithotherobjectsinthevicinity,whicharealsoconnectedtotraditionalorwirelesstelecomnetworks.Entertainmentintheformofmusic,filmortelevisioninthecarisadaptedtothepreferencesofitsoccupantsandpresentedtousbymeansoftheavailablenetworks,irrespectiveoftimeandplace.Incaseofanaccident,carswillbeabletodeterminewhethertogiveoffasignaltoemergencyservices,whichwillrespondonthebasisofthissignal,findthecar,andifnecessaryassessthecircumstancesofitsoccupants.Withinthenextfewyears,informationaboutlorryloadswillbeaddedtothis.Thankstoalltheseconnections,thecarwilltakeoveranincreasingnumberoftasksfrommeanditcanincreasinglyindependentlydeterminewhatisorshouldbethebestsolutioninaspecificcontext,comprisingtime,placeandpurpose,bymeansofcommunicatingwithothersubjectsandobjects.Inthelongterm,mycarwilljusttransportmetoadestinationspecifiedbyme.ManyorallactionsthatI,thehumandriver,ampresentlycarryingoutquitenaturally,suchasdeterminingthespeed,braking,parking,etcetera,willbecarriedoutbythecaritself.Whetherwearetalkingaboutcars,unmannedaircraft,books,television,cameras,clothing,smartphones,packagingofproductsorcomputers-everydayobjectswillincreasinglybeabletocommunicateandinteractamongthemselves,thankstotechnologicalapplications,andtakeovertasksandresponsibilitiesfromhumans.Thisshiftfrom'agency'betweenmanand'machine'willincreasinglydetermineourbehaviorandactionrepertoireasahuman,organizationorsociety,forexampleasdescribedbyVanLier&Hardjono（2011）.TheevolutionfromtheexistingInternettoan'InternetofThings',inwhichnotonlysubjectsbutalsoobjectsareconnectedtoeachother,may,accordingtoSundmaekeretal.,developintoan:

"InternetofServices,providedthattechnologyforcontext-aware,reliable,embedded,energy-efficientandsecuredistributednetworksofcooperatingsensorsandactuators,aswellastheenergyprovisionsforthistechnologyismadeavailable"（2011:

22）.

2.TheInternetofThingsandMachine2machineCommunication

TheevolutionofthecurrentInternet,inwhichpeopleexchangeandshareinformationamongthemselves,intoanInternetofThings,inwhichnotonlypeople,butalsoobjectsareabletoexchangeandshareinformation,isfedbytheincreasingcommunicationpossibilitiesofobjects.Communicationbetweenobjectsisalsocalledmachine2machinecommunication.In1947,RossAshbydefineda'machine'as:

"anumberofpartswhichinteractononeanother"（1947:

47）.AccordingtoAshby,thewayinwhichpartsofthemachineareconnectedtoeachotherformtheorganizationofthemachine.Heconsidersthewholeofpartsandconnectionsintheformofa'machine'as"somedynamicsystemi.e.somethingthatmaychangewithtime"（p.1954:

13）.Thesystemthusidentifiedformsanabsolutewholewithitsenvironment,saysAshby.AccordingtoAshby,afundamentalcharacteristicofthesemachinesorsystemsisthat"/woormoremachinescanbecoupledtoformonemachine"（1957:

48）.Thepossibilitiesthemachinehastoconnectwithinitselfandconnectthisdynamicsystemasawholewithothermachinesordynamicsystems"canbethoughtofas'selforganising',foritwilldeveloptosuchdegreeasitssizeandcomplexityallow,somefunctionalstructurehomologueswithan"adaptedorganism"（1962:

121）.TheinternationalOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD）hasdrawnupareportinwhichitstatesthatmachine2machinecommunicationwillbecomeanessentialpartofoursociety.Forexampleinthedevelopmentofintelligentelectricitymeters,intelligentcities,andintelligentelectricitynetworks.AccordingtotheOECD,theexplosivegrowthofmachine2machinecommunicationisdrivenbyacombinationoffactors,suchasincreasinglycheapformsofelectronics,useoftheInternetprotocoltogetherwithubiquitousnetworks,andtherapiddevelopmentofcloud-computingallowing,inprinciple,eachhumanbeing,asanindependentlyoperatingperson（subject）,andobjecttobeequippedwithacommunicationdeviceandconnectedtoeachother.TheOECDstatesthatthisformofcommunicationenablesobjects:

"tocommunicatestatusandinformation,whichinturncanbeaggregated,enrichedandcommunicatedinternallyoronwardstootherunits.Thisinturnallowstheuseofthesedatainnewandusefulways"（2012:

8）.AccordingtoSundmaekeretal.,thisformofcommunicationbetweenobjectswillgrowexponentiallyduringthecomingdecade:

"Ifweconsidernotonlymachine-to-machinecommunicationbutcommunicationofallkindsofobjects,thenthepotentialnumberofobjectstobeconnectedtotheinternetwillriseto100,000billion"（2010:

13）.

ItistheopinionofHua-DongMa（2011）that,onthebasisofexistinginformationcarriers,suchastheInternetandtelecommunicationnetworks,acombinednetworkwillbecreatedthatwillnotonlyconnectpeopletoeachother,butalsoordinaryphysicalobjects,allowingintelligentnewservicestobecreatedbyrandomcombinationsofsubjectsandobjects.WhereHua-DongMaisconcerned,theInternetofThingshasthreeimportantnewcharacteristicscomparedtotheexistingInternet,i.e.:

*Ordinary,everydayobjectsareequippedwithtechnologicalapplicationsthatenabletheuniqueidentificationoftheseobjects;

*Theindividualandautonomousobjectisindependentlyconnectedtoanetworksothatthisobjectcanbeconnectedwithotherautonomousobjects;

*Bymakinguseoflargenumbersofautonomousobjectsandactivelyinvolvingtheseinexistingornewactivities,theseactivitiescanbeperformedmoreintelligentlyandnewintelligentactivitiescanbedeveloped.

Atzori（2010）agreesthattheuniqueidentifiabilityofobjects,whichenablesconnectionviastandardcommunicationprotocols,isatypicalelementoftheInternetofThings.HereferstotheconceptofspimesasdescribedbySterling.Sterlingdefinedspimesas:

"Manufacturedobjectswhoseinformationalsupportissooverwhelminglyextensiveandrichthattheyareregardedasmaterialinstantiationsofanimmaterialsystem.Spimesbeginandendasdata.Theyaredesignedonscreens,fabricatedbydigitalmeans,andpreciselytrackedthroughspaceandtimethroughouttheirearthlysojourn"（2005:

11）.

Although,accordingtoHua-DongMa,theexistingInternetcanconnectdevicesandapplications,itdoesnotyethavethepossibilityofsensoryperceptionofinformation.Itishisopinion,however,thattheInternetofThingsmaymakeuseoftheconnectedautonomousobjectstoobtain:

"theadditionalsensinglayer,whichreducestherequirementsonthecapabilityofdevices,andenablestheinterconnectionamongthenon-intelligentorweakly-intelligentdevices"（2011:

920）.AccordingtoSundmaekeretal.,suchanextensivenetworkcomprisingadiversityoftechnologicalapplicationsthatareconnectedto