OGPLReading Report.docx

OGPLReading Report.docx

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OGPLReadingReport

读书报告

课程名称：

TheOxfordGuidetoPracticalLexicography

授课老师：

章宜华

学生：

朱垚

学号：

20152610001

读书日期：

2015.10-2015.12

Forthepastseveralmonths,I`vebeenpainstakinglyreadingTheOxfordGuidetoPracticalLexicography.It`saguidebookonhowtowritedictionary,includingplanning,resourcing,andcompilationofreferencematerialsforendusers.Inthefieldofmetalexicography,macrostructureandmicrostructureofthedictionaryarestudied.Asthepracticalmethodologiesfortransformingrawlanguagedataintodictionaries,thisbookwillshednewlightonlexicography.

Chapter1

Dictionariesaretraditionallythoughtasprescriptiverecordsofhowpeopleshoulduselanguagecorrectly.However,lexicographersthinkotherwisethatdictionariesshouldbeconsideredasthedescriptiveevidenceofthevocabularyusedbyacertainspeechcommunity.Inbetweentherawlinguisticdataandthefinisheddictionary,thereareanumberofindispensablefactors,suchasthelinguistictheory,thetechnologyoncorpora,corpusqueryingsoftware,database,dictionarywritingsystemsanddeliverymedia.Lexicography,therefore,owesmuchdebttotheadvanceoftechnology.Withtheadventofpersonalcomputersandtheimprovementsinhardwareandinfrastructure,lexicographictaskshasbeenmaderelativelyconvenient.

Lexicographyandlinguistictheoriesareprofoundlyintertwined.Linguisticbranchessuchaslexicalsemantics,cognitivetheory,pragmaticsandcorpuslinguisticshavehelplexicographerseffectively.Manydistinguishedscholarshavemoreorlesscontributedtothedevelopmentoflexicographywiththeirinsightfultheories.Morethanhalfofthesignificanceoflexicographyisputonthestudyofthedictionaryusers,becauselexicographyisnotatheoreticalexercisebutapracticalwork.Aimingatmarket,dictionariesmusthaveagoodknowledgeoftheuserssothattheyarepotentiallybestsellers.Thusknowingtheusersincludesknowingwhoareusingthedictionaryandwhattheyareexpectingfromthedictionary,namelytheirskillsandneeds.Failingthese,thedictionarymaymeannothingtotheusersbutagigantesquepieceoftheoreticallabor.Lastbutnotleast,theauthorofthisbookconsideratelyoutlinedthestructureoffthebook,informingthethingsweshouldknow,andthetaskswehavetoperformandtheresourcesweneedtoassemblebeforethepracticeofwritingthedictionary.Inthepre-lexicography,forexample,chapter2willmainlydealwiththetypeofdictionaryandthecreationofa`userprofile`.Inchapter3,itwilltalkaboutthesourcesoflexicographicalevidenceandtheprocessingofatextcorpusfordictionarybuilding.Iamdeeplyimprintedonthissaying:

Youlearnaboutlexicographybydoingit,bytrainingotherpeopletodoit,andbytalkingaboutitwithcolleagues.Thisisconstantreminderformethatlexicographyisapracticallydescriptiveevidenceofaspeechcommunityratherthanatheoreticallyprescriptiverecord.

Chapter2

Inpre-lexicography,dictionarytypesanddictionaryusersbearthebrunt.Beforetalkingaboutthetypesofdictionaries,weneedtobeinformedhowadictionarycomesintobeing.Asisknown,toproduceadictionaryrequirestremendouseffortandconsiderablesumofmoney,evenifanewversionisconventionallyproducedonthebasisofthepreviousone.Inthepublishhouse,thepublisherandthesenioreditorwillexchangenotesonthebirthofanewdictionary,butbecausethepublisherisconsideredastheinvestor,moreoftenthannot,hemakesthefinaldecisionwhetheranewdictionaryistobepublishedornot.Thesequenceofthe`birth`goeslikethis.Firstofall,themarketingdepartmentdetectsanuntappedmarketinacertainkindofdictionary,andidentifiestheintendedtypesofdictionary,andthentheygivearoughdescriptionontheskillsandneedsofthetargetedusersandthecontentsofthedictionary.Thebudgetofadictionaryisofvitalimportance,becauseitnotonlydictatestheschedule,includingtimeline,personal,resources,etc.duringthemakingofthedictionary,butalsopartiallyinfluencesthesellingpriceofthedictionary,thoughthesellingpriceistoalargedegreedecidedbytheoneofthecompetingdictionaries.Withinthebudget,theeditorialdepartmentsetsoffdesigninganddevelopingthedictionary.,determiningtheneedsandtheskillsoftheusers,thenumberofheadwords,thedepthoftheirtreatment,thetypeofmaterialtobeincludedinthefrontmatterandbackmatter.Asfortheformofentries,theStyleGuideisofgreathelp.What`smore,theeditorsalsoworkunderthehelpoftheITdepartment,usingsoftwaresuchasDWS（thedictionarywritingsoftware）ortheCQS（corpusquerysoftware）.Mostimportantly,theeditorsinthedesigndepartmentwilldecidethetypesofpresentationrequiredforthedictionary.Theprintversionandthee-versionofthedictionaryislefttoproductiondepartmentwhenthedictionarytextisready.Thelaststepistowaitforthelaunchofthedictionary.

Thereisaoftenacompromisebetweenthecoverageofadictionaryandtheaccessibilityfortheusers.Thiscanbeeasilyunderstoodthatifadictionarywantstobespecificinanyinformationofalemma,itwillsurelyresultintheenlargementofdictionaryspace,thoughitcanbeuser-friendly,whichmeanstheusercanfindanyinformationheisheadingfor.Onthecontrary,ifthedictionaryeconomizesontheinformation,usingcodes,abbreviationsandtelegraphicstyleofdefinition,itwillmoreorlessreducetheinformationneededbytheusers.Therefore,thelexicographerwillhavetostrikeawisebalancebetweenspace-intensivenessanduser-friendliness.However,theappearanceoftheelectronicmedialargelysolvestheproblemofspaceconstraints.Computershassuchahugedata-storagecapacitythatlexicographersnolongerworryaboutthelimitedspaceoftheprintversion.

Typesofdictionariesarealsoofgreatimportance.Therearequitealotofpropertiessuchasthelanguage,thecoverage,thesize,themedium,theorganization,theusers`languageskills,andtheirneedsofadictionary.Intermsoftheneeds,therearedecodingdictionariesandencodingdictionaries.Asfordecodingones,theyaimatunderstandingorcomprehension,translatingfromaforeignlanguagetextintotheirnativelanguage.Onthecontrary,encodingdictionariesprovidetheuserswiththecorrectusageofawordinordertohelpthetranslationfromtheirownlanguageintotheforeignlanguage.

Typesofdictionaryusersareofequalimportance.Thereexistsallkindsofend-usersrangingfromthebeginnerstotheadvancedones.Haveathoroughunderstandingandacompleteresearchofthedictionaryuserswillbeofmuchhelp.Thus,creatingauserprofileisputontheagenda.Theprofilemayinclude,firstly,thetypesoftheusers,namelytheirage,theirnationality,andtheirlevelsofacertainforeignlanguageandsoon.Secondly,typesofuseisintheprofile.Peoplehavedifferentpurposesofusingadictionary.Someuseittodecodeapassage.Othersuseittoencode.Thirdly,users`pre-existingskillsshouldalsobeincludedinthecompilationofauser`sprofile.Theproficiencyinthelinguisticknowledgeandtheirfamiliaritywiththedictionaryconventionsgiveavividpointofviewwhenthelexicographerchoosethedictionaryneededbytheuser.Apartfromtheusers`profile,theuserresearchshouldalsobetakenaccountinto.Itincludestwoparts:

marketresearchandtheacademicandlexicographicresearch.TheformeronetakesadvantageoftheInternettomonitorthelogfilesofonlinedictionariestoseewhetherthereismarketpotentials.Thelatteronefocusesondictionaryuseineducationalenvironments.Equippedwithaclearanddetailedusers`profile,lexicographerscanusemetalanguagetothelinguisticskillsandreferenceskillsoftheusers;moreover,suchprofilecanhelpdesignandlayoutofthedictionarytoseewhatisthemostoptimalwaytobuilddictionarymicro-structuresothatitcanbebothspace-intensiveanduser-friendly.

Differencesarenotedinthemakingofentriesinmonolingualdictionariesandbilingualdictionaries.TheauthormakesacomparisonamongthreemonolingualdictionariesnamelyCED,CSDandMEDintermsoftheircontentandpresentation.What`smore,thesethreedictionariesvaryintheamountofinformationinthoseentries.MEDdealswithencodingwhiletheothertwodonot.Comparingtypesoffactsintheentries,wecanhavearoughimpressionthatsomemonolinguallearner`sdictionarylikeCSDomitssomevariationsandpronunciations.ThedictionariesforadultslikeCEDandMEDadddomainlabels,whiletheCSDchoosestoomitthose.Asforwordingofthedefinitions,learner`sdictionariestendtousedefinitionsthatiseasilycomprehensiblewhiletheonesforadulttendtoincludesomeadvancedwordswhichposesachallengetotheusers.Dealingwithwordfamily,thesethreedictionariesadoptdifferentwaystopresententries.Whethertheworddisturbingordisturbershouldbelistedastheheadwordisdependedontheusers`profiles.Thesamegoeswiththesensesoftheheadword.Inthedomainofbilingualdictionaries,conceptsandtermsshouldbeintroduced.Forinstance,unidirectionalandbidirectionaldictionaries;sourcelanguageandtargetlanguageandsoon.Themostcommonbilingualdictionaryisthedecodingoneforcomprehension.Bilingualdictionariesaremuchmorecomplicatedthanmonolingualones,thusmoreattentionshouldbepaidtothem.

Chapter3

Howcanrawlanguagematerialorlexicographicevidencebeprocessedintoadictionary?

Whatmakesadictionaryreliableorauthoritative?

Intheauthor`spointofview,areliabledictionaryistheonethatuses