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英语议论文的格式
英语议论文的格式
一、英语议论文写作要点
议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主张.作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读
者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:
1.论点要鲜明、确切.一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点.论点一般在开头提出,然后加以论证.
2.论据要充分、可靠.一般是以事实为论据,也可以利用成语,格言,名人名言作为论据.
3.论证要严密、得法.归纳法(induction)和演绎法(deduction)是议论文常用的论证方法.归纳法的例子为基础,从几个例子和现象中,归纳出某种道理和看法.例如:
报纸是一种媒体(medium),人们可以从中得到现代信息;电视是一种媒体,人们也可以从中获得信息;广播也是媒体,人们同样可以从中获得现代信息.因此我们可以得出结论,其他媒体,如网络等,一定会给人们信息.演绎法以一个或多个看法为基础,从一般论断,演绎到不同事例,再加以论述,最后再回到一般论断上来.例如:
所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息,网络是媒体,因此人们可以从网络中获得信息.在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分,不能以点概面.如:
(课本高二上p81):
iborrowedabookfromthelibrarylastweek.itwasveryboringanddifficult.ireadonlytenpages.therefore,ithinkthatalllibrarybooksareuseless.
评注:
itdoesnothavealogicalargument.thewriterdislikeonelibrarybook,butnotalllibrarybooksarethesame.thewritershouldnotmakeageneralstatement(alllibrarybooksareuseless)basedonhisreactionstoonesinglebook.
二、议论文的写作步骤:
1.引言(introduction).由于英语作文受时间,字数的限制.因此,在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题,并明白地亮出自己的观点,如提倡什么,支援什么,反对什么.
2.主体段(mainbody).主体段是议论的过程,作者必须有足够的证据.(adequateproofs)来论证自己的观点.一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述.
3.结论(conclusion).结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章.同时要注意与引言段呼应,但不能照搬前面的原话.
例:
课本高二上p78第一封信
tutorialcenterishelpful.
ihavestudiedatatutorialcenterfortwoyears.mycommandofenglishhasimprovedconsiderablysinceistartedthiscourse.
atmycenter,thefeesarereasonable.mytutorsarequalifiedteachers.ihavebeenhelpedalotbythem.theyaresincereandkind.
oneofmyteacherswasbritish.atfirst,icouldnotsayanythingtoher.butlaterilearnedhowtocommunicateinenglishwithawesterner.
ithinkthatthetutorialcenterhasgivenmealotofconfidenceinusingenglish.
评注:
第一段提出论点,体现家教中心是helpful(段划线部分),主体段分别从几个方面(划线部分)来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用(划线部分),且语句表达与第一段中的不重复.
三、议论文的写作模式
1.议论文的类型
英语议论文根据命题特点,从形式上来看可分为如下类型:
①“一分为二”的观点.如“轿车大量进入家庭后,对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”
②“两者选一”的观点.如,期中考试作文题,“乘火车还是乘飞机”
③“我认为……”型.如“你对课外阅读的看法”
④“怎样……(howto)”型.如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”.
⑤图表作文.通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法.
按照高二上学期的写作要求,学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作.在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面:
通过正反两个方面的对比,得出结论是利大于弊,还是弊大于利.论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开,若利大于弊,则有利的一面要多阐述一点.反之亦然.
在第②种类型中,命题要求在a或b两者之间作一比较或选择,两个对象往往各有优势,所以结论部分有两种情况:
a.要么支持a,要么支持b;
b.a、b优势均难的割舍,只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选a,在什么条件选b.
下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.
2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式
introduction
第1段:
nowadaysmoreandmorepeople.../...playsanimportantpartin....likeeverythingelse,...has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects/bothadvantagesanddisadvantages.generally,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows.
mainbody
第2段:
firstly,..secondly,…inaddition/whatsmore…
第3段:
everycoinhastwosides.thenegativeaspects/disadvantagesarealsoapparent/obvious.tobeginwith…;tomakemattersworse…;worseofall…
conclusion
第4段:
throughaboveanalysis/allthingsconsidered,wecanseethatthepositiveaspects/advantagesoutweighthenegativeones/disadvantages.therefore…
例文1.看电视的利与弊advantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingtv
nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchtv.sotvplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.butwatchingtvhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.
firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingtv.asweallknow,learningthingsbytvismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.
secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.
whatsmore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.letssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.andnowopenyourtvanditlltakeyoutoanywhere.
everycoinhastwosides.thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.forexample,watchingtoomuchtvcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingtvsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.
throughaboveanalysis,ithinkwatchingtvisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchtv.butwhenwewatchtv,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingtvwilldestroyourlife.
例文2.谈谈出国留学的利与弊wheretoattendacollege
nowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearegoingtostudyabroad.likeeverythingelse,studyingabroadhasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.generally,thefavorableaspectscanbelistedasfollows.
firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.
everycoinhastwosides.thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.thecostsaremuchhigherthanthoseintheirnativecountry.mostoverseasstudentshavetoworkforaliving,whichcantallowthemtopayalltheirattentiontostudy.whatsmore,theymayfeelverylonely.
throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.therefore,iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.
写作练习:
①谈谈校服(schooluniforms).
提示:
近年来,越来越多的中小学要求穿校服.对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论,请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点.
reference:
someofthemainargumentsforandagainstschooluniforms.
foragainst
1.studentslookneatandtidy.1.uniformsareexpensive.
2.thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.2.childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.
3.parentsallpaythesamemoney.3.someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.
4.studentsdontworryaboutfashions.4.studentsalllookthesame,cantbeindividuals.
5.teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.5.getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.
6.gooddisciplineforstudents.
②说广告(aboutadvertisement).
提示:
有人说广告在现代社会是很重要,有人认为广告的促销成分太多,你认为……
3.“两者选一”观点的议论文模式
模式⑴:
a、b两者优劣势分析,要么选a,要么选b.
introduction
第1段:
somepeopleholdtheopinionthat(a)issuperiorto(b)inmanyways.others,however,arguethat(b)ismuchbetter.personally,iwouldprefer(a)becauseithink(a)hasmoreadvantages.
mainbody
第2段:
therearemanyreasonswhyiprefer(a).themainreasonisthat…anotherreasonisthat…(赞同a的原因)
第3段:
ofcourse,choosing(b)alsohasadvantagestosomeextent,(列出1~2个b的优势)
conclusion
第4段:
butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,(a)ismuchbetterthan(b).fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat…(总结观点)
例文:
whichisbetter?
carsorbikes?
somepeopleholdtheopinionthatprivatecarsaresuperiortobicyclesinmanyways.others,however,arguethatthebicycleismuchbetter.personally,iwouldprefertheuseofcarsbecauseithinkcarshavemoreadvantages.
therearemanyreasonswhyiprefercars.themainreasonisthatcarsbringconvenienceandmobilitytotheowners.whatsmore,acarisfarmorecomfortabletotravelin,especiallyinthechangeableweather.anotherreasonisthat,whenmorepeoplebuycars,theautomobileindustrywilldevelopmorequickly.thegrowthoftheautomobileindustrycanmotivatetheriseofotherrelatedindustriessuchasironandsteelproduction.
ofcourse,bicyclescantakeyoutoanywhereyoulikeintownanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.besides,itisnotasexpensiveasacarandthereforeeveryfamilycanaffordtobuy.
butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,carsaremuchbetterthanbicycles.fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpeoplecanlivebetterwiththeuseofcars.
模式⑵:
a、b优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择a或b.
introduction
第1段:
whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetween(a)and(b)?
beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.
mainbody
第2段:
itistruethat(选择a的优势之一).itisalsotruethat(选择a的优势之二).but(选择a的劣势).
第3段:
though.(选择b的劣势),(选择b的优势之一).furthermore,(选择b的优势之二).
conclusion
第4段:
therefore,ifyou…,youshouldchoose(a),butifyou…,youshouldchoose(b).(总结观点,提出建议)
例文:
listeningtotheradioorreadingthenewspapers?
whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenlisteningtotheradioandreadingthenewspapers?
beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.
itistruethatlisteningtotheradioisquickandconvenient.itisalsotruethatwecanlistentotheradiowhilearedoingsomethingelse.sowecansavealotoftime.butradioprogramshavetheirowntimeschedule.youcannotgettheinformationyouneedeverytimeyouturnonyourradio.
thoughnewspapersarenotasquickasradio,readingfromthenewspapercancertainlybringusnewsmoreclearlyandmoreexactly.furthermore,whilereading,wehavetimetothinkaboutwhatwearereading,tojudgeit,toanalyzeit,andthenwewillbemoreawareofitscauseandeffect.
wearelivinginaninformationage.wehavetomakefulluseoftheinformationwecangetifwearetoachieveourgoals.
therefore,ifwewanttogetthelatestnews,wecanlistentotheradio,butifwewanttogettheexactwords,wedbetterreadthenewspaper.
写作练习:
①健康与财富(healthandwealth)
提示:
健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hottopic),请简述你的观点.
②哪里住更好(wheretolive?
)
提示:
有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬.各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何?
参考文献:
1.oxfordenglishforseniorhighschoolstudents(shanghaiedition),oxforduniversitypress,1996.
2.王长喜十二句作文法,王长喜,北京:
中国社会出版社,xx.7
3.英语高分指导.写作.高中卷,郭凤高,第二版,上海:
上海交通大学出版社,xx
4.高考英语作文直通车,曹越宇,上海:
上海社会科学院出版社,xx
附录(appendix):
一、写作常用逻辑衔接词
根据衔接词本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分为以下四类,即“起”“承”“转”“合”.
1.表示“起”的常用词语.用于开篇引出扩展句.
atfirst
atpresent
currently
first(ly)
inthebeginning
tobeginwith
firstofall
inthefirstplace
lately
tostartwith
now
2.有关“承”的常用词语.用来承接上文,表递进.
after/afterthat/afterwards
afterafewdays
afterawhile
also/too
atanyrate
atthesametime
besides
furthermore
inaddition
inadditionto
infact
inotherwords
inparticular
particularly
inthesameway
incidentally
indeed
meanwhile
moreover
nodoubt
obviously
ofcourse
3.有关“转”的常用词语.用来表示不同或相反的意思.
afteralleventhough
allthetimenevertheless
anywaynonetheless
atthesametimestill
converselyinfact
in/bycontrastasamatteroffact
despiteespecially
fortunatelyhowever
inspiteofluckily
though/althoughnodoubt
onthecontraryotherwise
unfortunatelyunlike
whereasyet
4.有关“合”的常用词语.用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容.
aboveallinsum
accordinglyinsummary
asaconsequenceonthewhole
asaresulttherefore
ashasbeennotedthus
asihavesaidtospeakfrankly
atlasttosumup
atlengthtosummarize
brieflysurely
bydoingsotoconclude
consequentlynodoubt
eventuallyundoubtedly
finallydoubtless
hencetruly
inbriefso
inconclusionobviously
inshortcertainly
allinall