医学口语世界卫生状况英文报告1.docx

医学口语世界卫生状况英文报告1.docx

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医学口语世界卫生状况英文报告1

【医学口语】世界卫生状况英文报告1

　　Generalhealthissues

　　Aglobalstrategyonoccupationalhealthwasformulated,andcountryactivitiessupported.Guidelinesandmonographswereproducedonsuchsubjectsasthehealthimplicationsofoccupationalexposuretoorganicdustandsensitizingagentsaswellasselectedmetals,solventsandpesticides.Since1976WHOhasevaluatedthehealthrisksposedbyexposuretosome200industrialchemicalsandothersubstances.AninternationalcollaborativeoralhealthresearchinitiativeisbeingsetupincollaborationwiththeInternationalDentalFederationamongothers.Aninternationalactionnetworkwasestablishedonnomaandothermutilatingdiseasesandaccidentsoftheface.Significantprogresswasmadeinmeetingtherehabilitationneedsofthe35millionpersonswithdisabilitiesinAfrica,usingthecommunity-baseddistricthealthapproach.WHO'sglobaldataonblindnesswereupdated.TrainingandresearchinthisfieldissupportedbyWHOjointlywithNGOs.Qualitystandardswerepreparedforsmall-scalemanufacturersofintraocularimplantsusedincataractsurgery.

　　Asapartofactivitiestopromotehealthylifestyles,aschoolhealtheducationresourcecentreanddatabaseswereestablishedaswellastworegionalnetworksofhealthpromotingschools.TheregionsforhealthnetworkinEuropewasexpandedtoinclude20regions.Nationaltobaccocontrolprogrammesaresupported.RecentWinterOlympiceventshavebeensmoke-free,thankstocollaborationbetweentheInternationalOlympicCommitteeandWHO.

　　WHOprovidescountrieswithinformationandguidelinesontheorganizationofhealthsystemsbasedonprimaryhealthcare.Technicalguidanceisgivenontheformulationofnewhealthpoliciesandstrategiesandthereorganizationofhealthcarefinancingsystems.

　　WHOpromotesinformationexchangebetweencountriesinrelationtothedevelopmentofhumanresourcesforhealth.Ithaslaunchedaninitiativetodetermineoptimumapproachestothetrainingofhealthpersonnelunderchangingsocioeconomicconditions.Reviewsofpublichealthtrainingandmedicaleducationaresupported.Fellowshipsareprovidedfortraininginmanyhealthandrelatedfields.National,regionalandinterregionalactionplansforupgradingnursingandmidwiferypracticearebeingdrawnupthroughanetworkofWHOcollaboratingcentres.

　　Inthefieldofpharmaceuticalsguidelinesfordrugprescribingarebeingexpanded.Nationalsystemsfordrugregistration,surveillanceandqualityassurancearebeingestablishedinanumberofcountrieswithWHOcollaboration.TheWHOmodellistofessentialdrugsisbeingrevisedandupdated.Workingwithbilateralagencies,otherUnitedNationsbodiesandNGOs,WHOcollaborateswith55countriesinframingnationalpoliciesinsuchareasasdrugselectionandlegislation.Operationalresearchiscarriedoutontherationaluseofdrugs.Guidelines,toolsandtrainingmaterialshavebeenpreparedonmanyaspectsofdrugmanagement.

　　TheWHOGlobalCommissiononWomensHealthhasdrawnupanagendaforactionrelatingtowomen,healthanddevelopment.Undertheauspicesofthecommission,aschemetoprovidecreditandbankingfacilitiestothemostvulnerableanddisadvantagedisbeingimplementedinAfrica.Atthe1994InternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopmentinCairo,WHOplayedakeyroleinhelpingtoreachaconsensusandtranscendpoliticalandreligiousdifferences.ThiswasmadepossiblebytheOrganizationsmedicalandethicalcredibilityanditsinclusiveapproachtohealth.

　　TogetherwithUNDP,WHOpromotesrecognitionofhealthandenvironmentconcernsinnationalplansforsustainabledevelopmentandhasgivenfinancialandtechnicalsupporttosixcountriesforthispurpose.WHOhasbeendesignatedtaskmanagerforthe'healthchapter'ofthe1992UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment（UNCED）.IncollaborationwithseveralUnitedNationsbodiesithaspreparedaprogressreportonhealth,environmentandsustainabledevelopment,stressingtheimportanceofreformwithrespecttocommunitydevelopment,environmentalhealth,nationaldecision-makingandnationalaccounting.MaterialsproducedbyWHOincludedguidelinesontheoperationofpoisonscontrolfacilities,15healthandsafetyguides,andover200internationalchemicalsafetycardsprovidingbasicinformationonthediagnosisandtreatmentofpoisonings.Trainingandresearchonthebroadtopicofhealthandenvironmentaresupported.

　　WHOworkedwith26countriesingreatestneedinplanningandimplementinghealthreformsaspartofanoveralleffortforstrengtheningofnationalmanagerialcapabilities.Athirdreportonprogresstowardshealthforallbytheyear2000waspreparedforsubmissiontotheWHOgoverningbodiesin1995.Researchonhealthfutureswasorganized;andassessmentoftheglobalhealthsituationandtrendsinprioritydiseasesandconditionscontinued.Atotalof184nongovernmentalorganizationsarenowinofficialrelationswithWHO.ThegrowingawarenessamongMemberStatesoftheneedtoimprovehealthcaredeliverysystems,andanotableinterestonthepartoftheWorldBanktopromoteimprovementsinthesocialsector,providedatimelyopportunitytoforgecloserlinksbetweenWHO,theBankandgovernments.Collaborationwasalsostrengthenedwiththefivemajorregionaldevelopmentbanks.ThetraditionalgoodworkingrelationswithUNICEF,UNFPA,FAO,ILOandUNESCOcontinued.

　　WHOcontinuestostrengthennationalcapacityforemergencypreparednessandrelief.TechnicalexpertiseandemergencymedicalsupplieswereprovidedtoanumberofcountriesincludingAfghanistan,Angola,Burundi,Iraq,Rwanda,Somalia,Sudanandsomenewindependentstatesin1994.WHOcooperatedcloselywiththeEuropeanUniononassistanceforthecountriesofformerYugoslavia.TenjointmissionswereundertakenwithWFPfortheorganizationoffoodaidinsupportofhumanresourcesdevelopment.

　　Handbooksandguidelinesindifferentfieldsofhealthtechnologywereproduced.Progresswasmadeindevelopingportablelaboratoryinstruments,solar-runequipmentandothertypesofappropriatetechnologies.

　　Up-to-date,authoritativehealthinformationisprovidedtoallMemberStatesthroughalargenumberofpublications,aseriesofwidely-distributedperiodicals,electronicnetworksandlibraryservices.WHOfacilitatesaccessbycountriestoanumberofdatabasescontaininginformationonsuchsubjectsascommunicablediseasesandHIV/AIDS.Formanyhealthworkersindevelopingcountries,WHOmaterialsareoftentheonlysourceofreliableinformationonhealth.

　　Chartingthefuture

　　Bytheendofthe20thcenturywecouldbelivinginaworldwithoutpoliomyelitis,aworldwithoutnewcasesofleprosy,aworldwithoutdeathsfromneonataltetanusandmeasles,aworldwithoutdracunculiasis.In1993measleskillednearly1.2millionchildrenandinfectedmorethan45million;poliomyelitiskilled5500childrenandasofthatyear10millionpeopleweredisabled;leprosykilled2400peopleandinfected600000;neonataltetanuskilled560000newbornbabies;dracunculiasisinfected2millionpeople.

　　Bytheendofthecenturymaternalmortalitycouldbehalfwhatitwasin1993,whenmorethan500000womendiedinchildbirth.Infantmortalityratescouldbenohigherthan50per1000livebirths.Atleast70countrieshadhigherratesthanthisin1993.By2000mortalityofchildrenunder5yearscouldbenomorethan70per1000livebirths.Atleast60countrieshadhigherratesthanthisin1992.Wecouldbelivinginaworldwherelessthan10%ofbabiesarebornweighingunder2.5kg.In1990,17%ofbabieswerebornbelowthisweight.Forbabiesbornatthebeginningofthe21stcenturylifeexpectancycouldbeatleast60yearsineverycountryoftheworld.In1993,50countrieswerebelowthistarget.

　　Intheyear2000atleast85%oftheworldspopulationcouldbewithinonehoursdistanceofmedicalcare.In1993,about1billionpeoplehadnoaccesstolocalhealthserviceswithinaone-hourjourney.Deathsfrommalariacouldbecutbyafifthinatleast75%ofaffectedcountries;thenumberofdeathsandnewinfectionsfromtuberculosiscouldbesubstantiallyreduced;thenumberofnewcarriersofhepatitisBcouldfallby80%asaresultofchildhoodvaccination;deathsfromheartdiseaseinpeopleagedunder65couldbereducedbyatleast15%;allpregnantwomencouldhavepropercare.

　　Theyear2000couldseeaworldwheremalnutritionamongchildrenunder5yearswillfallby50%;wheremicronutrientdeficienciesfromvitaminAandiodinewillbeeliminated;wheretheprevalenceofirondeficiencyanaemiainwomenofchildbearingagewillbereducedby33%;andwhere85%ofthepopulationwillhaveaccesstosafewaterand75%tosafesewagedisposal.

　　Theseareneitherutopiangoalsnorna?

vewishesforaperfectworld.Theyareachievable-providedtheworldcaresenoughandthenecessaryresourcesaremadeavailable.WHOseesfourmainprioritiesforactioninthefuture.

　　Thefirstpriorityistoensure'valueformoney'byusingtheavailableresourcesaseffectivelyaspossibleandredirectingthemtothosewhoneedthemmost.Theaimistocreateself-helpenvironmentsinwhichmenandwomencansolvetheirownproblems,establishingandsustainingadevelopmentprocessthatwillensureabrighterfuturefortheirchildren.

　　Thesecondpriorityispovertyreductionthroughbetterhealth.Investinginhealthsavesmoneyaswellaslives.Itmustbeacceptedthatexpenditureonhealthisnotadrainonnationalresourcesbutaprerequisiteforeconomicandsocialprogress.Poorhealthinhibitsanindividualsabilitytowork,reducesearningcapaci