大学英语六级阅读真题.docx
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大学英语六级阅读真题
2015年12月大学英语六级阅读真题&答案
Asitis,sleepissoundervaluedthatgettingbyonfewerhourshasbecomeabadgeo?
Plus,weliveinaculturethat36tothelate–nighter,from24-hourgrocerystoreto?
shoppingsitethatneverclose.It’snosurprise,then,thatmorethanhalfofAmericanadultsgetthe7to9hoursofshut-eyeeverynightas37bysleepexperts.
Whetherornotwecancatchuponsleep–ontheweekend,say-isahotly38amongsleepresearchers.Thelatestevidencesuggeststhatwhileitisn’t39,itmight?
whenLiu,theUCLAsleepresearcherandprofessorofmedicine,brought40sleep-restpeopleintothelabforaweekendofsleepduringwhichtheylaggedabout10hourspernight.?
showed41intheabilityofinsulin(胰岛素)toprocessbloodsugar.Thatsuggests?
upsleepmayundosomebutnotallofthedamagethatsleep42causes,whichisencouraging?
givenhowmanyadultsdon’tgetthehourstheyneedeachnight.Still,Liuisn’t43toendthehabitofsleepinglessandmakingupforitlater.
Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenot44aneffectiveremedyeither.“Asleepingpillwill45oneareaofthebrain,butthere’snevergoingtobeaperfectsleepingpill,becauseyoucouldn’treallyreplicate(复制)thedifferentchemicalsmovinginandoutofdifferentparts?
thebraintogothroughthedifferentstagesofsleep,”saysDr.NancyCollop,directoroftheEm?
UniversitySleepCenter.
A)alternativelyI)negotiated
B)catersJ)pierce
C)chronicallyK)presumption
D)debatedL)ready
E)deprivationM)recommended
F)idealN)surpasses
G)improvementsO)target
H)necessarily
答案:
BMDFOGELHJ
Climatechangemaybereal,butit’sstillnoteasybeinggreen
Howdoweconvinceourinnercavemantobegreener?
Weasksomeoutstandingsocialscientists.
A)Theroadtoclimatehellispavedwithourgoodintentions.Politiciansmaytacklepolluterswhilescientistsdobattlewithcarbonemissions.Butthemostpervasiveproblemislessobvious:
ourownbehaviour.Wegetdistractedbeforewecanturndowntheheating.Webreakourpromisenottoflyafterhearingaboutaneighbor’sriptoIndia.Ultimately,wecan’tbebotheredtochangeourattitude.Fortunatelyfortheplanet,socialscienceandbehavioraleconomicsmaybeabletodothatforus.
B)Despitemournfulpolarbearsandcartsshowingcarbonemissionssoaring,motpeoplefindithardtobelievethatglobalwarmingwillaffectthempersonally.RecentpollsbythePewResearchCentreinWashington,DC,foundthat75-80percentofparticipantsregardedclimatechangeasanimportantissue.Butrespondentsrankeditlastonalistofpriorities.
C)Thisinconsistencylargelystemsfromafeelingofpowerlessness.“Whenwecan’tactuallyremovethesourceofourfear,wetendtoadaptpsychologicallybyadoptingarangeofdefensemechanisms,”saysTomCrompton,changestrategistfortheenvironmentalorganizationWorldWideFundforNature.
D)Partofthefaultlieswithourinnercaveman.Evolutionhasprogrammedhumanstopaymostattentiontoissuesthatwillhaveanimmediateimpact.“Weworrymostaboutnowbecauseifwedon’tsurviveforthenextminute,we’renotgoingtobearoundintenyears’time,”saysProfessorElkeWeberoftheCentreforResearchonEnvironmentalDecisionsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.IftheThameswerelappingaroundBigBen,Londonerswouldfaceuptotheproblemofemissionsprettyquickly.Butinpractice,ourbraindiscountstherisks—andbenefits—associatedwithissuesthatliesomewayahead.
E)MatthewRushworth,oftheDepartmentofExperimentalPsychologyattheUniversityofOxford,seesthisinhislabeveryday.“Oneofthewaysinwhichallagentsseemtomakedecisionsisthattheyassignalowerweightingtooutcomesthataregoingtobefurtherawayinthefuture,”hesays.“Thisisaverysensiblewayforananimaltomakedecisionsinthewildandwouldhavebeenveryhelpfulforhumansforthousandsofyears.”
F)Notanylonger.Bythetimewewakeuptothethreatposedbyclimatechange,itcouldwellbetoolate.Andifwe’renotgoingtomakenationaldecisionsaboutthefuture,othersmayhavetohelpustodoso.
G)FewpoliticallibrariesarewithoutacopyofNudge:
ImprovingDecisionsAboutHealth,WealthandHappiness,byRichardThalerandCassSunstein.Theyarguethatgovernmentsshouldpersuadeusintomakingbetterdecisions—suchassavingmoreinourpensionplans—bychangingthedefaultoptions.ProfessorWeberbelievesthatenvironmentalpolicycanmakeuseofsimilartactics.If,forexample,buildingcodesincludedgreenconstructionguidelines,mostdeveloperswouldbetoolazytochallengethem.
H)Defaultsarecertainlypartofthesolution.Butsocialscientistsaremostconcernedaboutcraftingmessagesthatexploitourgroupmentality(心态).”Weneedtounderstandwhatmotivatespeople,whatitisthatallowsthemtomakechange,”saysProfessorNeilAdger,oftheTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearchinNorwich.”Itisactuallyaboutwhattheirpeersthinkofthem,whattheirsocialnormsare,whatisseenasdesirableinsociety.”Inotherwords,ourinnercavemaniscontinuallylookingoverhisshouldertoseewhattherestofthetribeareupto.
I)Thepassiveattitudewehavetoclimatechangeasindividualscanbealteredbycountingusin—andmeasuringusagainst—ourpeergroup.“Socialnormsareprimitiveandelemental,”saysDr.RobertCialdini,authorofInfluence:
ThePsychologyofPersuasion.“Birdsflocktogether,fishschooltogether,cattleherdtogether…justperceivingnormsisenoughtocausepeopletoadjusttheirbehaviorinthedirectionofthecrowd.”
J)Thesenormscantakeusbeyondgoodintentions.CialdiniconductedastudyinSanDiegoinwhichcoathangersbearingmessagesaboutsavingenergywerehungonpeople’sdoors.Someofthemessagesmentionedtheenvironment,somefinancialsavings,otherssocialresponsibility.Butitwastheonethatmentionedtheactionsofneighboursthatdrovedownpoweruse.
K)Otherstudiesshowthatsimplyprovidingthefacilityforpeopletocomparetheirenergyusewiththelocalaverageisenoughtocausethemtomodifytheirbehaviour.TheConservativesplantoadoptthisstrategybymakingutilitycompaniesprinttheaveragelocalelectricityandgasusageonpeople’sbills.
L)Socialsciencecanalsoteachpoliticianshowtoavoidourcollectivecapacityforself-destructivebehaviour.EnvironmentalcampaignsthattellushowmanypeopledriveSUVsunwittingly(不经意地)implythatthisbehaviouriswidespreadandthuspermissible.Cialdinirecommendssomecarefulframingofthemessage.“Insteadofnormalisingtheundesirablebehaviour,themessageneedstomarginaliseit,forexample,bystatingthatifevenonepersonbuysyetanotherSUV,itreducesourabilitytobeenergy-independent.”
M)Tappingintohowwealreadyseeourselvesiscrucial.Themostsuccessfulenvironmentalstrategywillmarrythegreenmessagetoourownsenseofidentity.Takeyouraveragetradeunionmember,chancesaretheywillbepoliticallymotivatedandbeusedtocollectiveaction—muchlikeEricaGregory.AretiredmemberofthePublicandCommercialServicesUnion,sheissettinguponeof1,100actiongroupswiththesupportofClimateSolidarity,atwo-yearenvironmentalcampaignaimedattradeunionists.
N)Ericaisproofthatagreat-grandmothercanhelptoleadtherevolutionifyourgetthepsychologyright—inthiscase,bymatchingherenthusiasmfortheenvironmentwithafondnessfororganisinggroups.“Ithinktheremustbesomethinginit.”Sheisexpectingupto20peopleatthefirstmeetingshehascalled,atherlocalpubintheCornishvillageofPolperro.
O)NickPerks,projectdirectorforClimateSolidarity,believesthissortofactivityiswherethefutureofenvironmentalactionlies.“Usingexistingcivilsocietystructuresornetworksisamoreeffectivewayofcreatingchange…andobviouslytradeunionsareoneofthebiggestcivilsocietynetworksintheUK,”hesays.The“LoveFood,HasteWaste”campaignenteredintoacollaborationlastyearwithanothersuchnetwork—theWomen’sInstitute.LondonerRachelTalorjoinedthecampaignwiththeaimofmakingnewfriends.Ayearon,themeetingshavemadelastingchangestowhatshethrowsawayinherkitchen.“It’salwaysmoreofanincentiveifyou’redoingitwithotherpeople,”shesays.“Itmotivatesyoumoreifyouknowthatyou’vegottoprovidefeedbacktoagroup.”
P)Thepowerofsuchsimplepsychologyinfightingclimatechangeisattractingattentionacrossthepoliticalestablishment.IntheUS,theHouseofRepresentativesScienceCommitteehasapprovedabillallocating$10millionayeartostudyingenergy-relatedbehaviour.IntheUK,newstudiesareindevelopmentandsocialscientistsareregularlyspottedinBritishgovernmentoffices.Withthehelpofpsychologists,thereisfreshhopethatwemightgogreenafterall.
46.Whenpeoplefindtheyarepowerlesstochangeasituation,theytendtolivewithit.
47.Tobeeffective,environmentalmessagesshouldbecarefullyframed.
48.Itisthegovernment’sresponsibilitytopersuadepeopleintomakingenvironment-friendlydecisions.
49.Politiciansarebeginningtorealizetheimportanceofenlistingpsychologists’helpinfightingclimatechange.
50.Tofindeffectivesolutionstoclimatechange,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmotivatespeopletomakechange.
51.Intheirevolution,humanshavelearnedtopayattentiontothemosturgentissuesinsteadoflong-termconcerns.
52.Onestudyshowsthatourneighbors’actionsareinfluentialunchangingourbehavior.
53.Despiteclearsignsofglobalwarming,itisnoteasyformostpeopletobelieveclimatechangewillaffecttheirownlives.
54.Wewouldtakeourfu