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翻译工作坊
翻译工作坊
之
中国典故选介与英译
HistoricalChineseTales,etc.andTheirEnglishTranslation
Section1ChineseHistoricalTales
1.FishtheSameWayasJiangTaigongDid,WhoCasta
HooklessandBaitlessLinefortheFishThatWantedtoBe
Caught
(TheWayJiangTaigongfishes---toCatchOnlyThose
WhoAreWillingtoBeCaught)
JiangTaigongisapopularnameforJiangZiya,statesmanandstrategist.AsanadviserofKingWenoftheZhouStateinancientChina,he,attheageof80,helpedtheyoungKingWuoverthrowtheShangDynastyandestablishtheZhouDynasty.
JiangwasaseniorofficialduringthereignofKingZhouoftheShangDynasty.Sincethekingwas
muddleheadedandatrocious,andthemasseshadnomeanstolive,JiangresignedandlivedinseclusionontheshoreoftheWeiRiver.TheStateZhouwasstrongandprosperous.ThereJiChang(KingWenoftheZhouState)
wascourteoustothewiseandcondescendenttothescholarly,rulingthestatewithbenevolenceanduprighteousness.Hehadlongbeeninsearchofavirtuousassistant.OnedayJiChangwenttohuntonthenorthernshoreoftheWeiRiver.Hesawanoldmanfishingbytheshorewho,obliviousofsomanypeoplepassingby,continuedtofishquietly.ThatwasJiang.Itwassaidhewasover70then.JiChangfeltcurioussohesteppeddownfromthechariotandwalkedtotheoldman,onlytofindtheman‘sfishhookwasnotbent,impossibletogetanyfish.Realizingthismanwasnotacommonone,JiChangbegantochatwithhim.Hefoundthiswastherightmanhewasinquestof,sohesaid,―Beforehedied,mygrandfatherhadanticipatedthatZhouwouldbecomeprosperouswhenasagecametous.YouarethesageI‘vebeenlookingfor.Mygrandfatherhadlongexpectedyourarrival!
‖SohecalledhimTaigong.HereturnedwithTaigong,sharinghiscarriagewithhim,andtreatedhimashismentor(导师;顾问;国师).TaigongassistedJiChang.
TheWesternZhoubecamemoreflourishing,sothepeopleofotherstatescameoverandpledgedallegianceoneafteranother.AfterJiChangpassedaway,hissonJi
Fa(KingWu)succeededtothethrone.WithJiangShang‘sassistance,JiFametthesovereignsoftheotherstatesinMengjinandthentheytogethersentanarmytocrusadeagainstZhou.Asaresult,KingZhouoftheShangDynastyburnedhimselftodeath.AfterthedownfalloftheShangDynasty,JiFaestablishedtheZhouDynasty.KnownasKingWuinhistory,hehonoredhisfatherwiththeposthumoustitleofKingWen.
**ChineseVersion:
1.姜太公钓鱼
民间有句俗话,叫做“姜太公钓鱼——愿者上钩”。
这句话来自
于一段历史故事。
据史料记载:
姜太公名叫姜尚,字子牙,东海(今
山东省日照市东)人。
因其始封于吕,故以封地为姓,又称吕尚。
商
纣王时,姜尚曾任朝廷大夫。
因目睹纣王昏庸残暴,百姓民不聊生,
遂辞官隐居于渭水之滨。
当时位于西部的诸侯国周国国力强盛,西伯
姬昌(即周文王)礼贤下士,仁义治国,老百姓安居乐业。
但长期以来,
姬昌一直未能遇到一位贤德的辅佐。
一天,姬昌乘车去渭水北岸打猎。
在渭水边上,姬昌看见一个老者在岸边垂钓,大队人马走过,老者充
耳不闻,仍然是静静地钓鱼。
这位老者正是姜尚,传说当时已经70
岁了。
姬昌觉得奇怪,就下车来到老者跟前,却发现老者钓鱼的鱼钩
是直的,根本就钓不上鱼来。
姬昌知道老者是一位奇人,就跟他聊了
起来。
经过一番谈话,姬昌发现这位老者正是自己要找的人,于是高
兴地说:
“我祖父在世的时候曾对我说过:
‘将来会有一奇人帮助你
把周族兴盛起来。
’您正是我要找的人。
我的祖父盼望您已经很久了。
”
因此古代文献中又称姜尚为“太公望”或“姜太公”。
于是,姜尚跟
随姬昌来到西周,被封为国师。
他辅佐西伯推行新政,西周愈加强盛,
周边诸侯国的人民也都纷纷归顺西周。
西伯去世后,其子姬发(即周
武王)继位。
在姜尚的辅助下,姬发在盟津大会诸侯,随后兴兵伐纣,
商纣王自焚而死,商朝灭亡。
姬发建立了周朝,史称周武王,追封其
父西伯姬昌为周文王。
周朝建立以后,姜尚被封到齐地,建都营丘(今
山东省淄博市临淄区齐陵镇附近),齐国后来成为诸侯国中的强国。
***ConceptsofTranslationTheory:
Accuracy
Accuracyreferstopreservingthemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Thetermaccuracyisessentiallysynonymouswiththetermfaithfulness,butsome
translationtheoreticiansdifferentiatebetweenthetwoterms.Atranslationwhichisaccurateisfaithfultotheintendedmeaningoftheoriginalauthor.
Audience
Audiencereferstothosewhohearorreadsomething.Translatorsmustbewellawareofwhotheiraudienceis,
tobemosteffectiveintranslation.Theymusttranslatefortheiraudience,usingvocabularyandgrammaticalpatternswhicharewellunderstoodbythataudience.
Clarity
clear,easytounderstand,lucid,Thequalityofbeing
freefromunnaturalformsorexpressionswhichhinderunderstanding.Clarityisoneofthethreemostimportantqualitiesrequiredofagoodtranslation,theothertwo
accuracyandnaturalness.being
****TranslatetheUnderlinedPartsintoEnglish:
*2.XiangruReturnedtheJadeIntacttotheZhao
State
WhenKingHuiwenwasrulingtheStateofZhao,hewasfortunateenoughtoacquireapieceofjadediscoveredbyBianHeoftheStateofChu.Hearingthis,KingZhaooftheStateofQinsentalettertotheKingofZhao,offeringfifteencitiesinexchangeforthetreasure.TheKingimmediatelysoughtcounselwithGeneralLianPoandhisministers,confessingthathewasworriedhemightthuslosethejadefornothingiftherulerofQin
brokehiswordandrefusedtogivehimthecities,andontheotherhand,ifhedidnotletthejadego,QinmightcometoattackZhao.Muchdiscussionwenton,butthematterwasnotsettled.Atthattime,LinXiangruwasrecommendedtotheKing.HetoldtheKinghewaswillingtobethemessengerandescortthejadetoQin.TheKingofZhaodispatchedXiangrutoQinwiththejade.Onarrival,XiangruwasreceivedbytheKingofQininChangtaiPalace.XiangruofferedthejadetotherulerofQinwhowasgreatlypleased.Heshoweditroundamonghispalacemaidsandattendants.Thecourtiershailedandapplauded.SeeingthattheKingofQinhadnointentionofgivingthepromisedcitiestoZhao,Xiangrusteppedforwardandsaid,―Thejadehasflaws.PleaseletmeshowittoYourHighness.‖TheKingofQinhandedthejadeovertoXiangru,who,withthestoneinhand,retreatedafewstepstoleanonacolumn,andingreatfuryrebukedtheKing‘sperfidy(背信)andaddressedhim,―IfYour
Highnesschoosestoputpressureonmetosubmitit,Iwillimmediatelyknockboththestoneandmyheadagainstthiscolumn,andbreakboth.‖Afraidthathewasgoingtosmashthejade,theKingofQinmadeanapology
andentreatedXiangrunottodoso.Then,hesummonedtheofficialconcernedtoreadthemapofQintoXiangruandmarkofffifteencitiestobegivenovertoZhao.Beingacautiousman,XiangruhadanotionthattheKingofQinwasonlyplayingatrick,pretendingtomakeZhaoagiftofthecities,butnotintendingthatZhaoshouldactuallyobtainthem.SohesaidtotheKingofQinseriously,―HeshiJadeisknownbyalltobeatreasure.ThatZhaohasofferedittoQinisoutoffear.SinceourKing,whenhesentthejadetoyou,fastedforfivedays,itisonlyproperthatYourHighnessshoulddolikewiseand,later,performasolemnceremonyofreceptioninthemainpalace.OnlythendareIofferthejadetoyou.‖Realizing
thatafterallhecouldrobitfromXiangrubyforce,theKingofQinpromisedtofastandorderedXiangrutobelodgedintheguesthouse.ConsideringagainthattheKingofQin,althoughhehadpromisedtofastandmightactuallydoso,wasanyminutereadytogobackonhiswordsandrefusetogivethecities,XiangruaskedhisattendanttodisguisehimselfasacommonerbyputtingonacoarsehempcoatandtoreturntoZhaowiththejadebyashort-cut.
**ChineseVersion:
2.完璧归赵
据《史记》卷八十一《廉颇蔺相如列传》记载:
蔺相如是赵国人,是赵国宦者令缪贤的门客。
赵惠文王得到了一件宝贝——和氏璧,秦昭王听说后,派人送给赵王一封信,称愿意以15座城池交换和氏璧。
当时秦国强大,赵国弱小。
赵王既怕上当受骗,又怕秦兵来攻。
这时,有人向赵王推荐了蔺相如。
于是,赵王就派遣蔺相如带着和氏璧前往秦国。
秦王在章台接见了蔺相如。
蔺相如将和氏璧敬献给秦王,秦王非常高兴,并将璧传给侍列左右的美人和大臣观看。
蔺相如见秦王丝毫没有给赵国城池的意思,便机智地走向前去对秦王说:
“璧上有处瑕疵,请指给大王看。
”秦王信以为真,便将璧交给了蔺相如。
蔺相如拿到璧后,后退了一步站在一根柱子旁边,怒斥秦王不讲信义,并警告秦王:
“如果你一定要来抢璧的话,那么,我的头和这块璧,今天就都撞碎在这根柱子上。
”并拿着璧瞅着柱子,做出要击碎璧的样子。
秦王怕和氏璧被摔碎,只好让有司拿过地图来,指着地图说从这里到这里15座城池都给赵国。
蔺相如估计秦王只是做个样子而已,赵国其实得不到城池。
于是又对秦王说:
“赵王献璧的时候,曾经斋戒5日。
现在大王也应该斋戒5日,我才敢把璧献给你。
”秦王无可奈何,只好答应斋戒5日,并安排蔺相如住进了迎宾馆。
当天晚上,蔺相如让随从换上百姓的衣服,将和氏璧藏在怀里,从小路逃回赵国。
秦王斋戒结束后,不见玉璧,大怒,欲杀蔺相如,但最后还是放了他。
蔺相如回到赵国后,赵王以其不辱使命,加封他为上大夫。
长期以来,
人们一直把这个故事作为爱国主义教材。
***ConceptofTranslationTheory:
Context
Contextreferstotheenvironmentorsettinginwhichanutteranceoccurs.Therearevariouscontextswhicharecrucialforatranslatortobeawareof.Theimmediatelinguisticcontextconsistsofwords,phrases,andsentenceswhichsurroundtheutteranceinquestion.Thisisdiscourseortextualcontext.Thelinguisticcontextalsoincludesthesituationalcontext,thatis,thesocialcontextinwhichtheutterancewasmade.Thisincludestheidentityofspeakerandaddressee,theirrelationship,andthepurposeoftheutteranceinthemindofthespeaker.Thissocialcontextistheconcernofpragmatics.
Ultimately,thepragmaticcontextalsoincludesthetime,
place,andcultureinwhichtheutterancewasmade.Soatranslatormustbeawareofthehistorical,
anthropological,andsociologicalenvironmentinwhichtheutteranceheistranslatingwasmade.
****TranslatetheUnderlinedPartsintoEnglish:
*3.ToTieone'sHairontheHouseBeamandJabOne'sSidewithanAwltoKeepOneselfAwake—Take
GreatPainswithOne'sStudy
(TyingOne‘sHairontheHouseBeamandJabingOne‘sSidewith
anAwl)
TheallusioncomesfromTaiPingYuLanand
StrategiesoftheWarringStates.In―Biographiesof
VirtuousPersonsoftheChuState”inthebookTaiPing
YuLan,ZhangFangrecords:
IntheearlyHanDynasty,amannamedSunJingwhowaseagertolearnoftenstudiedlateatnight.Whenhefeltsleepy,hetiedhishairtotheroofbeam,so,whenhedozedhewouldfeelpainandwokeupwhenhishairwaspulledupwardbytherope.Thenhewouldgoonwithhisstudy.InVolumeOneofAnecdotesoftheQinStateinStrategiesofthe
WarringStatesthereisanotherstoryasfollows:
SuQinfeltsleepywhenhewasreading,sohetookanawlandstabbeditintohisownlegs.Thebloodflewtohisfeet.Nowpeopleoftenpraisewiththisallusionthosewhogrindawayattheirstudies.
**ChineseVersion:
3.悬梁刺股
据《太平御览》卷六一一晋张方《楚国先贤传》记载:
汉代的孙
敬勤奋好学,有时晚上看书打瞌睡,他就将头发悬挂在屋梁上,强迫
自己学习。
又据《战国策?
秦策一》记载:
苏秦也是一位好学之士,
有时读书时间长了,难免昏昏欲睡,他就拿锥子刺自己的大腿,以至
于血都流到脚上。
后世用“悬梁刺股”一词来比喻勤学苦读。
***ConceptsofTranslationTheory