高考英语语法精讲精练专题九定语从句.docx
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高考英语语法精讲精练专题九定语从句
语法专题九：
定语从句
定语从句是比较重要的语法项目。
《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中将定语从句列为必考项。
全国卷新课标Ⅰ对定语从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查定语从句引导词的用法。
2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了定语从句引导词that/which。
2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词when。
2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第70题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词which。
基本概念：
定语从句:
在复合句中修饰名词或代词、充当定语的句子叫定语从句。
因其功能相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。
先行词:
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
关系词:
引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。
分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose,as）和关系副词（where，when，why）。
关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。
限制性定语从句：
对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。
非限制性定语从句：
对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句，通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开。
关系词及其意义：
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关
系
代词
who
人
主语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy（whom）sheloveddiedinthewar..
whose
人或物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.
that
人或物
主语、宾语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar（that）Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
主语、宾语
Thebook（which）Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
人或物
主语、宾语
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关
系
副词
when
时间
时间状语
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.
可用onwhich替换
where
地点
地点状语
ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.
可用inwhich替换
why
原因
原因状语
Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.
可用forwhich替换
关系代词和关系副词功能有三个：
①用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。
②关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。
关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。
③关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。
①The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
②Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.
③ That is the teacher who teaches us physics.
2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
①Mr Liu is the person （ whom ） you talked about on the bus.
②Li Ming is just the boy （ whom ） I want to see.
③The professor （ whom ） you are waiting for has come.
④The girl （ whom ） the teacher often praises is our monitor. 注意：
关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。
The man （ whom / who ）you met just now is my old friend.
3．which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。
①Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
②The factory which makes computers is far away from here.
③He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.
④The house which is by the lake looks nice.
⑤This is the pen （ which ） he bought yesterday.
⑥The film （ which ）they saw last night was not interesting at all.
4．that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。
①The number of people that / who come to visit this city every
year reaches one million.
②Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?
③The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.
④The season that / which comes after spring is summer.
⑤Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.
5．whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
①I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
②He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
③I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen.
注意：
指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
①The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
②The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
③Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
④Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
关系代词that与which的区别
（一）只用that不用which的情况：
1、先行词是everything,nothing,anything,much,little,none等不定代词或由不定代词any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all等修饰时,引导定语从句用that不用which。
例如：
①Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.
②There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the
world.
③There is little that I can do for you.
2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。
例如：
①ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.
②The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3、先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that。
如：
①Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.
②Look at the man and his dog that are walking up the street.
4、先行词被theonly，thevery,justthe等修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。
例如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
注意：
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。
例如：
HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.
5、当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用that。
例如：
①Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
②Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6、定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。
例如：
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
（二）只用which不用that的情况
1、指物，介词后。
例如：
IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstgottoParis.
2、用于非限制定语从句中。
例如：
Sheheardaterriblenoise，whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.
3、先行词是that,those时。
例如：
ThatisthebookwhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.
4、一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。
例如：
Isthereanythingthatisnotexpensivewhichwecanbuyforherasagift?
二、theway作先行词的定语从句
比较下列句子，理解关系词，并分析原因：
①The way （that/in which/×） he answered the question wassurprising.
②I don’t like the way （that /in which） you laugh at her.
归纳：
（1）当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，关系词用inwhich，that或者省略；
（2）当关系词在定语从句中作主语时，关系词用that或which；
（3）当关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词用that，which或省略。
三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
①The school （which / that） he once studied in is very famous.
=The school in which he once studied is very famous.
② I’ll bring here the magazine （which/that） you asked for.
= I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.
③This is the boy （whom/who/that） I played tennis with
yesterday.
=This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.
④We’ll go to hear the famous singer （whom /who /that） we
have often talked about.
=We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have
often talked.
1、单个介词（in/with/on/by）+关系代词（whom,which）
①ThetwothingofwhichtheyfeltveryproudwereJim’sgoldwatchandDella’shair.
②Aharvesterisamanwhoisharvestingoramachinewithwhichweharvestcrops.
注意：
介词确定的依据
A、依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定；
B、依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。
2、介词短语+关系代词（which,whom,whose）
常用的介词短语有:
someof,bothof,asaresultof,atthebackof，becauseof,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof,onthetopof,atthefootof等。
①Thereisagreatpaininmyrightfoot,becauseofwhichIcanonlylimpalong.
②Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatanoldman.
注意:
含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开,如lookafter,lookfor,take care of,takepartin,lookforwardto等。
例如：
①This is the watch （which / that） I am looking for. （正）
②This is the watch for which I am looking .（误）
③The babies （whom / who / that） the nurse is looking after are
very healthy.（正）
④The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（误）
3、单个介词+关系代词（which,whose）+名词
介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定。
例如：
①HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,duringwhichtimehelearnedsomeEnglish.
②OurEnglishteacher,withwhosehelpwehavemadegreatprogressinEnglish,hascompletedthirtyyearsofteaching.
4、the+名词+of+关系代词（which,whom）结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。
例如：
ThisisthebookthecoverofwhichisdesignedbyMrJones.
=Thisisthebook,whosecoverisdesignedbyMrJones.
5、部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词
（1）all,both,none,neither,either,many,most,few,several,enough,half,some,any,one,two,three,themajority,anumber,theyoungest等。
（2）数词（基数词,序数词,百分数,分数）+名词
（3）the+形容词最高级/比较级
①Herearetwopairsofsocks,eitherofwhichyoumaychoose.
②Thefootballteamhas15members,theoldestofwhomis25yearsold.
③He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
④There are many apples, some of which have gone bad.
⑤There are forty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
⑥Hehaswrittentenstories，threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.
四、关系代词as与which的用法
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。
具体情况是：
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。
如：
①He married her, as / which was natural.
②He is honest, as / which we can see.
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。
which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。
另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。
如：
①As is known to all, China is a developing country.
②He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
③John, as you know, is a famous writer.
④Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.（2012·福建高考）
⑤He has been to Paris ten times, which I don’t believe.
注意：
当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
如①Tom was late for school again and again, which made his
teacher very angry.
②This table is made of metal, which made it very heavy.
3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。
如：
①I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
②He is not such a fool as he looks.
③This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.
注意：
当先行词受the same 修饰时，也可能用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
五、关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
①I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
②The time when we got together finally arrived.
③October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of
China was founded.
2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
①Shanghai is the city where I was born.
②The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.③I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .
④Is this the place where they fought the enemy?
3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
①Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
②The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.
③I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：
引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来替换。
例如：
①Istillrememberthedaywhen（=onwhich）Ifirstcametothisschool.
②Great changes havetakenplacewhere（inwhich）welive.
③The reasonwhy（=forwhich）herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.
六、一些特殊词之后的where
如果定语从句用来修饰point,situation,part,condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且作状语，要用where引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，这种现象叫做地点模糊化。
常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有：
occasion,circumstance,state,degree,extent,stage,le
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