考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案哲学类.docx
《考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案哲学类.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案哲学类.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案哲学类
2015年考研
英语阅读理解模拟题及答案
（哲学类）
目录
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（7）1
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（8）5
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（9）11
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（10）14
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（11）18
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（12）24
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（7）
Itiseasytobeinfavorofmulticulturalandglobaleducation，inprinciple.Ifonlyweunderstoodwhereotherpeoplewerecomingfrom—ifonlywehadmoresensitivitytotheircultures—wemightnotbesoweddedtoourownpointsofview.Andwemighthaveabetterchanceofavoidingtheconflictsthatcomefromethnicsuperiority.However，whenwecometoapplythisprinciple，therearesomeseriousproblems.TheNewYorkStateRegents‘goalforglobaleducation，whichhasalsobeentakenupbymulticulturalists，makessomeoftheseproblemsveryclear.Accordingtothegoal，“Eachstudentwilldeveloptheabilitytounderstand，respect，andacceptpeopleofdifferentraces，sex，culturalheritage，nationalorigin，religion，andpolitical，economicandsocialbackground，andtheirvalues，beliefs，andattitudes.”
Thisgoal，expressedinalotofpositivewords，soundsverybroad-minded，andveryreasonable.Anduptoapoint，itexpresseswhatwe‘dhopeforfromamulticulturalandglobaleducation.Andeducatedpersonisnotnarrow-mindedorprovincial.So，ofcoursewedon’twantstudentstobeprejudiced—toprejudgethecorrectnessordesirabilityofsomeideaoractionbeforetheyknowanythingaboutit.Wewantthemtobeopentonewideasandwaysofdoingthings.Butdowereallywantthemto“respectandaccept”thevalues，beliefs，andattitudesofotherpeople，nomatterwhattheyare?
Forexample，shouldweteachstudentstoacceptthesexismoftheJapaneseortheirracistattitudestowardimmigrantsjustbecausethey‘repartoftheJapaneseculture?
Peoplewhosupportthiskindofapproachtomulticulturalandglobaleducationmaythinktheyarebeingobjective—evenscientific.Theymaythinkthey‘refreeingthemselvesfromthelimitationsoftheirowncultureanditsvalues.Butbynottakingaposition，theyaretakingone.Theyaresayingthatapartheidisokay;thatthereisnothingwrongwithmurderingsomeonewhohascommittedblasphemy.
They‘realsoteachingtheirstudentsnottomakemoraljudgments.Ifanycustomorlawofpeopleinanycultureisasdefensibleasanyother，whatkindofjudgmentispossible?
So，withoutintendingto，theyencouragestudentsinprejudiceofadifferentsort.Insteadofmindlesslyassumingthatothers’waysofdoingthingshavetobewrong，studentswillmindlesslyassumethesewaysofdoingthingshavetoberight—oratleastasgoodasanyoneelse‘s.It’simportantthatweteachourchildrenabouteachother‘sandotherpeople’scustomsandvalues.Weareunlikelytosurviveifwedon‘t.Butthisdoesnotmeanteachingstudentsthattheyneednotholdotherpeople’spractices—andourown—uptomoralscrutiny.Ifwedothis，weconfuseobjectivitywithneutrality.
1.Whatiswrongwithmulticulturaleducationaccordingtotheauthor?
[A]Itsgoalistooidealizedtobeofanypracticalvalue.
[B]Itsprincipleisseriouslyflawedandcancausemisunderstanding.
[C]Itshouldnotbedirectedatstudentsatcollegeonly.
[D]Itfailstoteachstudentstotakeaposition.
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthattheauthorthinksthatstudentsshouldbetrainedto____.
[A]understandthevalues，attitudesandbeliefsofotherpeople
[B]prejudgethevalueofsomeideaoractionbeforetheyunderstandit
[C]beprovincialandopenonlytobetterideasandwaysofdoingthings
[D]respectandacceptonlynewvalues，beliefsandattitudes
3.TheJapaneseexampleisusedtoshow____.
[A]racialandgenderdiscriminationisstillrampantinsomecountries
[B]Japanhasdonelittletomeetthegoalsofmulticulturalandglobaleducation
[C]theapproachtomulticulturalandglobaleducationshouldbemadeobjective
[D]studentsshouldlearntobringotherpeople‘spracticestocloserscrutiny
4.Towardstheotherpeople‘scustomsandvalues，theauthoradvocates____.
[A]sensitivity[B]objectivity[C]neutrality[D]respect
5.Theword“apartheid”（Para.3）isclosestinmeaningto____.
[A]violence[B]segregation[C]objectivity[D]indifference
参考答案：
1.[D]
2.[A]
3.[D]
4.[A]
5.[B]
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（8）
Partofthescientificfaithofthelatenineteenthcenturywastheviewthattherewasoneandonlyonescientificmethod.Thismethod，arguedwriterslikeKarlPearsoninhisGrammarofScience，wastheonlysuremethodforarrivingatknowledgeinanysphere.Themethodwaseasilydescribed：
collectthefactsintheareaunderstudy;orderthemintosequences，suchthatlawlikeoccurrencescouldbeseen;then，writedownthelawssoidentified.Accordingtothisview，disciplinesdifferedonlyastosubjectmatter，sincetheunityofscienceconsistedofitsmethodalone.Also，accordingtothisview，theresultsofscientificinvestigation（thatis，newknowledge）willalwaysbeembodiedintheformofalawconnectingthefactsintheareaunderstudy.
Explanation，accordingtothisview，issimplyaccountingforfactsonthebasisofadeductionfromaknownlaworlaws，oraccountingforsomesubordinatelawonthebasisofadeductionfromsomemoregenerallaworlaws.ThemostinfluentialformulationofthisexplanationisCarlGHempel‘s，perhapsmostaccessiblyarticulatedinhisarticle“ExplanationinScienceandHistory”。
Sometimes，accordingtoHempel，suchlawsareofastrictlyuniversalformandothertimestheyareofaprobabilisticorstatisticalform.Theyareassertions，inthislattercase，ofthekindthatifcertainspecifiedconditionsarerealizedthenanoccurrenceofsuchandsuchakindwillcomeaboutwithsuchaprobability.
Ithinkthatitwouldbetruetosaythatinthelatenineteenthcenturyitwasfeltthatonefeaturedistinguishingphysicsfromhistoryasadisciplinewasthat，eveniftheysharedexactlythesamemethod，physicshadnoneedforthelatterkindofprobabilisticexplanation——atleastinprinciple——whileinhistoryitwasunavoidable.
However，inthetwentiethcentury，whateverelsemaydistinguishphysicsandhistoryasdisciplinesitisnotthatphysicsusesonlystrictlyuniversallawsanddeductiveexplanationsinthenineteenthcenturysense，whilehistorydoesnot.Thephysicsofthecentury，from1900onward，hasbeeninterestedinaggregatesofcertainclassesofphysicalindividuals（theparticles）andinaccountsoftheindividualsthatwouldenableonetounderstandtheaggregates.Asaconsequencepartlyofthisinterestinstatisticaldatapertainingtotheverysmall，aswellasforanumberofotherreasons，physicistshavetendedtoformulatethemechanicsoftheverysmallintermsofequationsinwhichprobabilisticnotionsarefundamental.
1.AccordingtoKarlPearson，onlyonescientificmethod——。
[AJprevailedineveryfieldofstudyduring1890s
[B]directedthecollectionandarrangementoffacts
[C]servedasauniqueelementunitingalldisciplines
[D]madetheidentificationofnewknowledgeplausible
2.AsstatedbyHempel，generallawsare——。
[A]basedondetailedaccountsofactualfacts
[B]composedofsubordinatelawsbydeduction
[C]realizedinprobabilisticorstatisticform
[D]appliedtoallcasesorundercertainconditions
3.Theauthorfeelssureofthetruththatin19thcentury———————
[A]physicsandhistorysharedacommonfeature
[B]thesamemethodblendedhistorywithph）rsics
[C]statisticallawswerecompatiblewithphysics
[D]probabilisticmethodwasinapplicabletohistory
4.Inthe20thcentury，itwastruethat—————————
[A]universallawsceasedtobelongmerelytophysics
[B]deductiveexplanationsbecamedominantinhistory
[C]distinctionbetweenhistoryandphysicsturnedobscure
[D]statisticalexplanationswereadoptedbyphysicists
5.Inthestudyofphysicalparticles_____
[A]statisticalinformationaccountsfortheinterestinaggregates
[B]probabilisticconceptionsresultfromtheirformulation
[C]descriptionoftheirmechanicsisbasedonstatisticaldata
[D]physicalequationsareaccountableforprobabilisticideas
核心词汇
spheren.范围，领域
subordinateadj.从属的
probabilityn.可能性
sequencen.次序，顺序
articulatevt.清晰地表达
consequencen.结果
embodyvt.使具体化
statisticaladj.统计的
formulatevt.用公式表示
完整译文：
19世纪末期的科学信仰中包括这样一种观点，即世界上有且仅有一种科学方法。
一些作家指出（如卡尔。
皮尔逊在其著作《科学的语法》中写道）：
这种方法是惟一一种在任何领域都可获得知识的有效方法。
这种方法描述起来十分容易：
通过调查研究后，在该领域收集事实;将这些事实按顺序排好，以保证根据所发生的事件总结出定律;然后，将所发现的定律写下来。
根据这种观点，既然科学是统一的，并且只包含这惟一一种方法，因此各个学科的区别仅仅在于内容的不同。
同样，根据这种观点，科研调查的结果（也就是新知识）永远都是以在该领域进行调查的前提下连接各类事实的定律的形式所体现出来的。
根据这种观点，解释仅仅是在演绎的基础上说明事实，而这种演绎来自于著名的定律，或者是在演绎的基础上说明某种从属定律，这种演绎来自于更普遍的定律。
关于解释最具影响力的确切表达来自于卡尔吉。
亨普尔，在他的《科学与历史中的解释》一文中表述得很清楚。
根据亨普尔的观点，有的时候，这些定律有着十分严格的共同形式;其他时候，这些定律体现的则是概率或是统计数字的形式，这种情况下，这些定律属于论断，即如果满足某些具体条件，某种结果便会依某种概率而发生。
在19世纪末期，人们认为物理作为一门学科，与历史相比，一个明显区别就是即使两种学科均使用同一种方法，但至少从原则上讲，物理没有必要进行概率解释，而历史这门学科则不可避免。
我个人认为这种说法是正确的。
但是，在20世纪，不论还有些什么别的特征可能用来区分物理学与历史学这两门学科，从以下角度加以区分肯定是不对的：
物理学只是严格运用19世纪那个意义上的普遍规律和演绎性解释，而历史学并非如此。
从1900年以后，20世纪的物理研究兴趣主要在于某些种类的物质个体（粒子）的总计及对这些物质个体的解释以便人们了解这种总计。
部分地由于物理学对于微观世界的统计数据的兴趣，同时也由于很多其他相关原因，物理学家们倾向于用方程式来阐述微观世界的力学原理，而在这些方程式中，有关概率的概念是最基础的。
参考答案：
1.c
2.D
3.A
4.D
5.C
2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（9）
Wethreatenpunishmentsinordertodetercrime.Weimposethemnotonlytomakethethreatscrediblebutalsoasretribution（justice）forthecrimesthatwerenotdeterred.Threatsandpunishmentsarenecessarytodeteranddeterrenceisasufficientpracticaljustificationforthem.Althoughpenaltiescanbeunwise，repulsive，orinappropriate，andthosepunishedcanbepitiable，inasensetheinflictionoflegalpunishmentonaguiltypersoncannotbeunjust.Bycommittingthecrime，thecriminalvoluntee
升级会员 