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第二讲头脑风暴
论据扩展十二大法则
绝大多数大作文话题都可以通过以下几个方面进行扩展(简称论据扩展十二大法则),现列举如下:
经济(economy)、就业(employment)、时间(time)、空间(space)、心理(psychology)、生理(physiology)、环境(environment)、教育(education)、文化(culture)、科技(technology)、情感(emotion)和个人权利(humanright)。
我将通过列举一些例题来印证这十二大法则的实战性。
Sample1.
Somepeoplethinktobaccoshouldbemadeillegalinthesamewayasotherdrugsbecausetheproductscontainingitareaddictive.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?
通过审题,此题问是否同意烟草行业被取缔。
同意则要列举烟草的一系列缺点,反之不同意,可列举其优点。
我们马上来看看十二大法则,当然不是每一项都应用,但是大多数都可以适用。
Advantages
经济:
revenue-risingforthecountryandbusinessmenconcerningthisarena,
就业:
offertheopportunitiesofemploymentinvariousfronts,includingmanufacturing,transporting,selling,governing,forresidents
时间:
killingthetime
心理:
relieveone’spressure
文化:
forming/shapingcigarculture
Disadvantages
经济:
money-consumingforsmokers
生理:
beaddictedtoit, harmfultosmokers’health,leadingtolungcancer
环境:
airpollution potentialhazardoffire
空间:
passivesmoking/second-handsmoking
情感:
beoverly-dependentonsmoking
经济(economy)、就业(employment)、时间(time)、空间(space)、心理(psychology)、生理(physiology)、环境(environment)、教育(education)、文化(culture)、科技(technology)、情感(emotion)和个人权利(humanright)。
Sample2.
Manypeopleareoptimisticaboutthe21stcenturyandseeitasanopportunitytomakepositivechangestotheworld.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththeiroptimism?
通过审题,此题无非就是我们21世纪是利大于弊还是弊大于利,所以只要列举21世纪发展的优缺点就可以了。
我将通过之前介绍的十二大法则来进行素材的扩展。
Advantages:
经济:
economybepromoted,efficiencybeincreased
科技:
advancedtechnologyfacilitatespeople’slife
时间:
time-savingwhenconductingvariouskindsofactivities
个人权利:
humanrightsbelaidmoreemphasison
心理:
increasingnumberofrecreationalactivitiestohelppeoplerelievefrompressure
Disadvantages:
就业:
growingpopulation, fiercecompetition
心理:
pressurecomingfromarangeofaspects
环境:
environmentalpollutioncontinuinggettingworse
地道表达
1经济与效率
⏹有利于经济
Spur/boost/impeleconomy,generategovernmentrevenue,investmoreto..,earnforeigncurrency,create/generatejobopportunitiesandease/relieve/alleviatethepressureofunemployment,improvelivingstandard,easethefinancialburdenofstudents.redistributetheincome
⏹不利于经济
Hinder/hamper/impedethegrowthofeconomy,worsenthesituationofunemployment,layaheavyburdenonstudents’families,endangerthestabilityandsafetyofthesociety,
⏹不赞成国家投资的理由:
Wehaveaverylimitedbudget.Weshouldmakefulluseofthetaxpayers’moneytobenefitthecommonpeople.
Chinaisstilladevelopingcountry,whichisshortonfunds.Athousandandonethingsremaintobetakencareof.
Therearestillmanypeoplelivingbelowthepovertyline,andmanyeligiblechildrencannotreceivethebasiceducationforlackofmoney.
Priorityshouldwithoutdoubtbegiventothedevelopmentofinfrastructure,notthebuildingofartcenters.
2时间与空间(土地资源的占用)
⏹省时间:
time-saving
Savemuchtime,improveefficiency,makemoreprofits(可以转到经济)
Savespace,toconstructmorehealthcare-relatedbuildingstobenefitthepublicandentertainmentestablishmentstoenrichtheirspiritualandculturallife.
⏹浪费时间time-consuming
Sth/doingsthdirectly/indirectly
Waste/lavishtime
Occupythecherishedlandresources,
3就业与竞争
Becomingincreasinglycompetitive,whichisunfavorabletoseekingjobs,nottomentiondecentjobs,worsenthesituationofunemployment,leadtomanystress-relateddecreasessuchasdepression,insomnia,tonamebutafew.
Create/generatemoreandmorejobopportunities,foster/develop/cultivateastrongsenseofcompetitionandcooperation(转经济与效率)
4压力与健康
Imposeheavystrainon/leadtomoreandmoreemotionalandabnormalpsychologicalproblems/leadtomanystress-relateddiseasessuchasdepression,insomnia,tonamebutafew.
Ease/relieve/alleviatepressure,whichisfavorabletostudyingmoreefficiently/developtheirinterestsinotherfields
5智力与教育(心态,视野,精神状态)
正方:
Widenhorizons/enrichspirituallife/helpcultivateindependence/helpcultivatethesenseofcompetitionandcooperation/increasetheircreativityandimagination/helpfindjobseasily/getachancetoexperiencethetotallydifferentcultures/inspirechildren’sinterestin/traditionalwayandthinkinghaveenduredthetestoftimeandcouldhelpyoungpeopletoavoidmistake;/mostmanualworkinvolvesonlybasicknowledge;/makeitpossibleforthestudentstoaccumulatejobexperienceearlier;/Saveagreatdealoftimeandfundforboththegovernmentandthestudents/Gettingstudents’physicallyreadyfortheircareerisalsoapartofeducationpurpose;/deepentheirunderstandingofcertaincategories/layasolidfoundationforfurtherstudy/Astrongbodyisindispensableinthesuccessofsports/Studentscanlearnfromthesameprofessorsascollegesstudentsdo./Studentscandownloadandstorethelessons,whichenablesthemtochoosetheconvenienttimeforthemtostudy/Studentscancommunicatewithprofessorsthroughemailwhenquestionsoccur./Reducethecostofschoolbuildingsandthetripbetweenhomeandcampus/.deepenstudents’memoryofimportantknowledge/isnecessaryinlearningwhichrequiresmemorizingthings/bringasenseofbelonging
‘
反方
1.stiflethedevelopmentofcreativity,imaginationandinterest/occupytheirstudytime/goastrayeasily/exposethemtothedarksidesofsociety/doesharmtotheirmentalhealth/failtoenjoycolorfullife/exertheavyfinancialburdenonthestudent’sfamily/Differentwayoflifeandcultureputstudents’physicalandmentalhealthatrisk./causebrainstraininthestudent’shomeland/istime-consuming/Collegesanduniversitiesarenotonlyplacesforlearningbutforsocialactivitiesaswell./Stayingbeforecomputerstoolongmayexertnegativeimpactonbothmentalandphysicalhealthoftheuser./Studentscangeton-the-siteguidancefromthefacultymembers./Passingonknowledgeisonlypartoftheroleofeducation.Teacherscannotbereplacedinmoldingstudents’characteristicsandteachingthecorrectattitudestowardssocietyandothers/Teachershelpstudentstochooseinformationandlearnitinacorrectway./Teachers’helpisnecessarywhenquestionsoccur./makeiteasierforthestudentstofindtheirjob/stimulatethedevelopmentofeconomywithwell-trainedlaborpool/facilitateunderstandingoftheoreticalknowledge
6发展与污染
1.Boostthelocaleconomy,increasethegovernmentrevenue,earnforeigncurrencyandimprovethelivingstandardofthelocals.Relievethepressureofunemployment.
2.Enhancemutualunderstanding,removehostilityandprejudice,promotegoodwillandstrengthenties.Maintainworldpeace.
3.Showcasethebrilliantcultureandglorioushistory.Promotecross-culturalcommunication.Improvetheimageofaplace.Increasereputationandupgradethestatusintheinternationalcommunity.
4.Improvethelivingenvironmentandbetterthebasicfacilities.Increaseinvestmentininfrastructure.
5.Improvethequalityofthelocals.Exposethemtotheoutsideworld.Widentheirvisionanddevelopabroadermind.
6.leadtotheextinctionofsomespecies
7.resultinshortageofenergyandnaturalresources
8.beirreparableandirreversibledamage
9.breaktheecologicalbalance
10.leadtoextravagantwasteofpublicfunds
11.bethedryingupofourlimitednaturalresourcesandthedeteriorationoftheenvironment
12.contaminateenvironment
13.generateelectromagneticradiationandjeopardizehumanhealth
14.bringabouttheriskssuchascomputervirus,nuclearleakage,biologicalweapons,globalwarming,exhaustionofnaturalresourcesandextinctionofmanyplantandanimalspecies
15.bearootofallevil
16.aggravatethetrafficjamsandworsenthecrowdedness
17.willpayahighpriceforthisnegativedevelopmentof
7权力与隐私
Violate/invade/intrude(侵犯(动词))rights/privacy/pride/dignityseriously
Thebrazenviolation/invasion(侵犯(名词))ofrights,interests,privacyanddignity.
8责任与义务
Take/shoulder/assumetheresponsibility
Shirkofftheresponsibility
练习:
思路分析(科技与教育)
Maintainingpubliclibrariesisawasteofmoneysincethecomputertechnologyisreplacingtheirfunction.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?
翻译:
维持公共图书馆是对金钱的浪费,因为计算机科技正在代替公共图书馆的功能。
你在何种程度上同意或反对?
抛砖:
公共图书馆的很多功能是计算机难以取代的。
首先对于计算机盲而言,纸质书籍是一种必须;另外对于喜欢阅读纸质书籍感觉的人,在图书馆里一群读书人中间阅读是一种享受。
而且图书馆提供了一个场所,可以举办讲座,沙龙和各种展览,促进有相同阅读爱好的人相互交流。
最重要的是公共图书馆还是城市文化的象征。
一个藏书量巨大的图书馆,体现着一个城市人民对书籍、对知识的热爱。
虽然我们可以在电脑上看书,但是公共图书馆有自己独特的不可被取代的功能。
Withtheincreasinguseofmobilephonesandcomputers,lesspeopletendtowriteletters.Somepeoplethinktheskillofwritingletterswilldisappearcompletely.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?
Howimportantdoyouthinkletterwritingis?
翻译:
随着手机和电脑使用的增加,倾向于写信的人变少了。
有些人认为写信的技能会完全消失。
你在何种程度上同意或反对?
你认为写信有多重要?
抛砖:
在可见的未来,写信的技能不会消失。
首先,虽然人们会用手机联系,会通过电脑发邮件,但是碰到正式的场合,比如正规的商业往来或者郑重的情感表达,人们还是倾向于用信件来表达。
另外,在欠发达地区,人们还不是很容易接触到新技术,如手机和电脑,写信仍然是传递信息最简单的方式。
即使是在发达地区,有些人会因为计算机技术问题拒绝使用电脑写邮件。
的确,电脑的普及让人们在可能的情况下尽可能选择打字;但是正式场合或者表达情感,以及条件不具备的情况下,人们仍会写信,这是我们日常生活不可或缺的一部分。
Itisnowpossibletoperformeverydaytasksasbanking,shoppingandbusinesstransactionswithoutmeetingpeopleface-to-face.Whatistheeffectitmaybringontheindividualsandthesocietyasawhole?
翻译:
现在,不用与人面对面完成每天的任务如银行业务、购物和商务交易成为可能。
这给个人和社会整体带来什么影响?
抛砖:
对个人而言,首先是生活的便利性,不用去银行排队,不用去很多商店就可以比较各种商品,不用见面也能进行商务谈判。
但是随之也带来一系列问题,比如人们之间面对面的情感交流减少,而且出现网络交易的纠纷很难解决。
对社会整体而言,首先是保护了环境,人们远程办公或者交易的结果是不用出门工作,减少了交通造成的环境污染。
但是网络交易会产生很多安全问题,而且就业岗位发生了变化,很多原来的岗位减少了,比如售货员,银行的柜台服务;新兴岗位增加了,例如系统管理员和快递员。
Somepeopleclaimthatpublicmuseumsandartgallerieswillnotbeneededbecausepeoplecanseehistoricalobjectsandworksbyusingcomputers.