初中数学各章节详细知识点.docx

初中数学各章节详细知识点.docx

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初中数学各章节详细知识点

初中数学各章节详细知识点

各章节知识点

七年级上册

第一章《有理数》

1.正数与负数的概念

2.正数与负数的实际意义

3.有理数的概念

4.数轴的概念

5.相反数的概念

6.绝对值的概念

7.有理数的大小比较

8.有理数的加法法则

9.有理数的减法法则

10.有理数的乘法法则

11.有理数的运算律

12.有理数的除法法则

13.有理数的混合运算法则

14.有理数的乘方相关概念（乘方、幂、底数、指数）

15.有理数的乘方法则

16.科学记数法

17.近似数（有效数字）

第二章《整式的加减》1.单项式及其相关概念（单项式、系数、次数）

2.多项式及其相关概念（多项式、项、常数项、次数）

3.整式

4.同类项的概念

5.合并同类项的法则

6.去括号法则

7.整式加减的运算法则

第三章《一元一次方程》1.方程的概念

2.一元一次方程的概念

appearanceoftheweldappearancequalitytechnicalrequirementsoftheprojectmustnothaveamoltenmetalstreamdoesnotmeltthebasemetaltoweld,weldseamandheat-affectedzonesurfacemustnothavecracks,pores,defectssuchascraterandash,surfacesmoothing,weldandbasemetalshouldbeevenlysmoothtransition.Width2-3mmfromtheedgeofweldGroove.Surfacereinforcementshouldbelessthanorequalto1+0.2timestheslopeedgewidth,andshouldnotbegreaterthan4mm.Depthofundercutshouldbelessthanorequalto0.5mm,totallengthoftheweldsonbothsidesundercutnotexceed10%oftheweldlength,andlongcontinuousshouldnotbegreaterthan100mm.Wrongsideshouldbelessthanorat0.2T,andshouldnotbegreaterthan2mm（wallthicknessmmt）incompleteornotallow7.57.5.1installationqualityprocessstandardsoftheelectricalenclosureCabinetsurfaceisclean,neat,nosignificantphenomenonofconvex,closetonature,closethedoor.7.5.2CabinetCabinetfacepaintsnopaint,returnedtorusted,consistentcolor.7.5.3uniformindirectgapfromtoptobottom,slotwidth<1.5mm7.5.4adjacentCabinetsurfaceroughnessis0.7.5.5thecabinetsfirmlyfixed,craftsbeautiful.7.5.6Cabinetsurfacegauge,switchcabinetmarkclear,neat,firmpaste.7.5.7Terminalrowofneat,isreliable,theappearanceiscleanandnotdamaged.7.5.8cablesneatandclean,solidbinding,bindingprocessinappearance.7.5.9thefirstcableproductionfirm,craftsbeautiful,clearsignagedoesnotfade.7.5.10fireproofpluggingtight,nocracksandpores.7.67.6.1ofthestandardelectricalwiringqualitytechnologycablea,themulti-corewirebuncharrangementshouldbeparalleltoeachother,horizontalwireharnessorwireshouldbeperpendiculartothelongitudinalmulti-corewirebunch.Thedistancebetweenthewireharnessandwireharnesssymmetry,andascloseaspossible.B-corewiringharnessintoround,multi-corewirebunchusedgwirebinding,fastening

3.方程的解

4.等式的性质

5.一元一次方程的解法（步骤）6.一元一次方程的应用问题（和差倍分问题、数字问题、行程问题、工程问题、劳动力

调配问题、增长率问题、商品利润问题）

第四章《图形的初步认识》1.几何图形的概念

2.立体图形的概念

3.平面图形的概念

4.立体图形的三视图

5.立体图形的展开图

6.点、线、面、体的概念

7.直线的相关概念（直线、相交线、交点）8.两点确定一条直线

9.点与直线的位置关系

10.线段的中点

11.两点之间线段最短

12.两点之间的距离

13.角及其相关概念

14.角平分线

15.余角的概念

16.补角的概念

17.余角（补角）的性质

七年级下册

第五章《相交线与平行线》1.相交线的相关概念（邻补角、对顶角）2.对顶角的性质

3.垂线的相关概念（垂直、垂线、垂足）4.过一点画垂线

5.垂线段最短

6.点到直线的距离

7.“三线八角”的相关概念

8.平行的概念

9.平行公理

appearanceoftheweldappearancequalitytechnicalrequirementsoftheprojectmustnothaveamoltenmetalstreamdoesnotmeltthebasemetaltoweld,weldseamandheat-affectedzonesurfacemustnothavecracks,pores,defectssuchascraterandash,surfacesmoothing,weldandbasemetalshouldbeevenlysmoothtransition.Width2-3mmfromtheedgeofweldGroove.Surfacereinforcementshouldbelessthanorequalto1+0.2timestheslopeedgewidth,andshouldnotbegreaterthan4mm.Depthofundercutshouldbelessthanorequalto0.5mm,totallengthoftheweldsonbothsidesundercutnotexceed10%oftheweldlength,andlongcontinuousshouldnotbegreaterthan100mm.Wrongsideshouldbelessthanorat0.2T,andshouldnotbegreaterthan2mm（wallthicknessmmt）incompleteornotallow7.57.5.1installationqualityprocessstandardsoftheelectricalenclosureCabinetsurfaceisclean,neat,nosignificantphenomenonofconvex,closetonature,closethedoor.7.5.2CabinetCabinetfacepaintsnopaint,returnedtorusted,consistentcolor.7.5.3uniformindirectgapfromtoptobottom,slotwidth<1.5mm7.5.4adjacentCabinetsurfaceroughnessis0.7.5.5thecabinetsfirmlyfixed,craftsbeautiful.7.5.6Cabinetsurfacegauge,switchcabinetmarkclear,neat,firmpaste.7.5.7Terminalrowofneat,isreliable,theappearanceiscleanandnotdamaged.7.5.8cablesneatandclean,solidbinding,bindingprocessinappearance.7.5.9thefirstcableproductionfirm,craftsbeautiful,clearsignagedoesnotfade.7.5.10fireproofpluggingtight,nocracksandpores.7.67.6.1ofthestandardelectricalwiringqualitytechnologycablea,themulti-corewirebuncharrangementshouldbeparalleltoeachother,horizontalwireharnessorwireshouldbeperpendiculartothelongitudinalmulti-corewirebunch.Thedistancebetweenthewireharnessandwireharnesssymmetry,andascloseaspossible.B-corewiringharnessintoround,multi-corewirebunchusedgwirebinding,fastening

10.平行线的判定

11.平行线的性质

12.命题及其相关概念（命题、真命题、假命题）13.定理的概念

14.平移的概念

15.平移的性质

第六章《平面直角坐标系》

1.有序实数对的概念

2.平面直角坐标系及其相关概念（平面直角坐标系、横轴、纵轴、原点、坐标、象限）

3.特殊点坐标（象限符号、坐标轴上点的特征、坐标轴角平分线上点的特征、对称点坐

标特征、平行于坐标轴的点的特征）4.直角坐标系的实际应用

5.平移的坐标特征

第七章《三角形》

1.三角形的概念

2.三角形的分类

3.三角形的三边关系

4.三角形的“三线”（高线、中线、角平分线）5.三角形的稳定性

6.三角形的内角和定理

7.三角形的外角

8.三角形的外角性质定理

9.多边形及其相关概念（多边形、对角线、正多边形）10.多边形的内角和定理

11.多边形的外角和定理

第八章《二元一次方程组》

1.二元一次方程的概念

2.二元一次方程（组）的解

3.解二元一次方程（代入消元法、加减消元法）4.二元一次方程的应用

5.三元一次方程组的概念

6.三元一次方程组的解法

appearanceoftheweldappearancequalitytechnicalrequirementsoftheprojectmustnothaveamoltenmetalstreamdoesnotme第3页共9页ltthebasemetaltoweld,weldseamandheat-affectedzonesurfacemustnothavecracks,pores,defectssuchascraterandash,surfacesmoothing,weldandbasemetalshouldbeevenlysmoothtransition.Width2-3mmfromtheedgeofweldGroove.Surfacereinforcementshouldbelessthanorequalto1+0.2timestheslopeedgewidth,andshouldnotbegreaterthan4mm.Depthofundercutshouldbelessthanorequalto0.5mm,totallengthoftheweldsonbothsidesundercutnotexceed10%oftheweldlength,andlongcontinuousshouldnotbegreaterthan100mm.Wrongsideshouldbelessthanorat0.2T,andshouldnotbegreaterthan2mm（wallthicknessmmt）incompleteornotallow7.57.5.1installationqualityprocessstandardsoftheelectricalenclosureCabinetsurfaceisclean,neat,nosignificantphenomenonofconvex,closetonature,closethedoor.7.5.2CabinetCabinetfacepaintsnopaint,returnedtorusted,consistentcolor.7.5.3uniformindirectgapfromtoptobottom,slotwidth<1.5mm7.5.4adjacentCabinetsurfaceroughnessis0.7.5.5thecabinetsfirmlyfixed,craftsbeautiful.7.5.6Cabinetsurfacegauge,switchcabinetmarkclear,neat,firmpaste.7.5.7Terminalrowofneat,isreliable,theappearanceiscleanandnotdamaged.7.5.8cablesneatandclean,solidbinding,bindingprocessinappearance.7.5.9thefirstcableproductionfirm,craftsbeautiful,clearsignagedoesnotfade.7.5.10fireproofpluggingtight,nocracksandpores.7.67.6.1ofthestandardelectricalwiringqualitytechnologycablea,themulti-corewirebuncharrangementshouldbeparalleltoeachother,horizontalwireharnessorwireshouldbeperpendiculartothelongitudinalmulti-corewirebunch.Thedistancebetweenthewireharnessandwireharnesssymmetry,andascloseaspossible.B-corewiringharnessintoround,multi-corewirebunchusedgwirebinding,fastening

第九章《不等式与不等式组》1.不等式的概念

2.不等式的解

3.解集

4.一元一次不等式的概念

5.不等式的性质

6.一元一次不等式的解法

7.一元一次不等式的应用

8.一元一次不等式组的概念

9.一元一次不等式组的解法

第十章《数据的收集、整理与描述》

1.收集数据（问卷）

2.整理数据（表格）

3.描述数据（条形统计图、扇形统计图）4.抽样调查的概念

5.总体、个体、样本、样本容量6.简单随机抽样的概念

7.直方图及其相关概念（直方图、组距、频数）

8.画直方图的步骤

八年级上册

第十一章《全等三角形》1.全等形的概念

2.全等三角形的相关概念（全等三角形、对应顶点、对应边、对应角）

3.全等三角形的性质

4.全等三角形的判定

5.角平分线的性质

6.角平分线的判定

第十二章《轴对称》

1.轴对称图形的概念

2.关于直线对称的相关概念

3.轴对称的性质

appearanceoftheweldappearancequalitytechnicalrequirementsoftheprojectmustnothaveamoltenmetalstreamdoesnotmeltthebasemetaltoweld,weldseamandheat-affectedzonesurfacemustnothavecracks,pores,defectssuchascraterandash,surfacesmoothing,weldandbasemetalshouldbeevenlysmoothtransition.Width2-3mmfromtheedgeofweldGroove.Surfacereinforcementshouldbelessthanorequalto1+0.2timestheslopeedgewidth,andshouldnotbegreaterthan4mm.Depthofundercutshouldbelessthanorequalto0.5mm,totallengthoftheweldsonbothsidesundercutnotexceed10%oftheweldlength,andlongcontinuousshouldnotbegreaterthan100mm.Wrongsideshouldbelessthanorat0.2T,andshouldnotbegreaterthan2mm（wallthicknessmmt）incompleteornotallow7.57.5.1installationqualityprocessstandardsoftheelectricalenclosureCabinetsurfaceisclean,neat,nosignificantphenomenonofconvex,closetonature,closethedoor.7.5.2CabinetCabinetfacepaintsnopaint,returnedtorusted,consistentcolor.7.5.3uniformindirectgapfromtoptobottom,slotwidth<1.5mm7.5.4adjacentCabinetsurfaceroughnessis0.7.5.5thecabinetsfirmlyfixed,craftsbeautiful.7.5.6Cabinetsurfacegauge,switchcabinetmarkclear,neat,firmpaste.7.5.7Terminalrowofneat,isreliable,theappearanceiscleanandnotdamaged.7.5.8cablesneatandclean,solidbinding,bindingprocessinappearance.7.5.9thefirstcableproductionfirm,craftsbeautiful,clearsignagedoesnotfade.7.5.10fireproofpluggingtight,nocracksandpores.7.67.6.1ofthestandardelectricalwiringqualitytechnologycablea,themulti-corewirebuncharrangementshouldbeparalleltoeachother,horizontalwireharnessorwireshouldbeperpendiculartothelongitudinalmulti-corewirebunch.Thedista