语言学教程课后答案.docx

语言学教程课后答案.docx

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语言学教程课后答案

Definethefollowingterms:

1.designfeature:

arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.

2.function:

theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.

3.etic:

atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.

4.emic:

atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.

5.synchronic:

akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）,asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

6.diachronic:

studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

7.prescriptive:

thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

8.prescriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.

9.descriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

10.arbitrariness:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11.duality:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

12.displacement:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.

13.phaticcommunion:

onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.

14.metalanguage:

certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.

15.macrolinguistics:

heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,etc.

16.competence:

languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17.performance:

theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

18.langue:

thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.

19.parole:

theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

20.Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21.Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.

22.Voicing:

pronouncingasound（usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant）byvibratingthevocalcords.

23.Broadandnarrowtranscription:

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

24.Consonant:

aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

25.Phoneme:

theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

26.Allophone:

anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme（e.g.isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

27.Vowel:

aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28.Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.

29.Placeofarticulation:

intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.

30.Distinctivefeatures:

atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.

31.Complementarydistribution:

therelationbetweentwospeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

32.IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergoneanumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.

33.Suprasegmental:

suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

34.Suprasegmental:

aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

第三章

1.morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

2.compound:

olymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snow-white,etc.

3.inflection:

themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

4.affix:

thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem）.

5.derivation:

differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.

6.root:

thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

7.allomorph:

anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

8Stem:

anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

9.boundmorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.

10.freemorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

11.lexeme:

Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword（e.g.“doginthemanger”）

12.lexicon:

alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.

13.grammaticalword:

wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.

14.lexicalword:

wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.

16.open-class:

awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

17.blending:

arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

18.loanword:

aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.

19.loanblend:

aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.

20.leanshift:

aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.

21.acronym:

ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

22.loss:

thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.

23.back-formation:

anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.

24.assimilation:

thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.“contact”or“contiguous”assimilation.

25.dissimilation:

theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.

26.folketymology:

achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.

60.category:

partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate,etc.

61.concord:

alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.

62.syntagmaticrelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetwee