完整版温州大学本科毕业设计论文外文翻译.docx
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完整版温州大学本科毕业设计论文外文翻译
本科毕业设计(论文)
外文翻译
题目
高层建筑结构探索—住宅3
学院
建工学院
专 业
土木工程
班 级
09土木本一
学 号
09……35
学生姓名
……
指导教师
……
温州大学教务处制
外文资料来源及题目
BuildingMaterialsSelectionandSpecification
Fae’qA.A.Radwan,sep.2010,第4卷,第9号(串行34号)杂志,ISSN1934.7359,美国土木工程及建筑协会.
译成中文后题目
建筑材料的选择和规格
指导教师审阅意见:
签名:
年月日
外文原文
BuildingMaterialsSelectionandSpecification
Fae'qA.A.Radwan
FacultyofEngineering,NearEastUniversity,KKTC,Lefkosa,Mersin10,Turkey
Abstract:
Thelimitationsintheselectionofthebuildingmaterialsandtothesustainabilityofanybuildingconstructionmaterialsthatcanbeusedarepresented.Thepracticesandtechniquesthatcanbeusedinreducingandminimizingtheenvironmentalimpactsofbuildingarediscussed.Recommendationsofusingsecondaryandrecycledmaterialsintheconstructionofbuildingsaregiven.Frameworkformethodsofassessmentofthesustainabilityinbuildingconstructionforenvironmentalperformanceispresented.
KeyWords:
Limitations,sustainability,environmentalimpacts,framework,climate.
1.IntroductionThereisanapparentlyunboundedrangeofpossibilitiesfortheselectionofbuildingmaterialsfortheconstructionofstructuresofalmostanyshapeorstature.Itsqualitywillaffectthestructurefunctionandlonglife,andrequirementsmaydifferwithclimate,soil,sitesize,andwiththeexperienceandknowledgeofthedesigner.Thefactorsthat,manufacturingprocesses,andthetransportationofthematerialstotheprojectsitetheenvironment.Theseincludethedisruptionofthebuildingoccupantsmanufacture,constructionofbuildingsandtheuseofbuildingmaterialsmakeasignificantenvironmentalimpactinternally,locallyandglobally.Butitisnoteasytodeliverinformationtomakeadequateinclusiondecisionsconsideringthewholelifecycleofabuilding.Decisionsonsustainablebuildingintegrateanumberofstrategiesduringthedesign,constructionandoperationofbuildingprojects.Selectionofsustainablebuildingmaterialsrepresentsanimportantstrategyinthedesignofabuilding.
2.Sustainability
Inrecentyears,theconceptofsustainabilitythesubjectofmuchdisputationbyacademicsandprofessionalsalike.In1987,theWorldConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentdefinedsustainabledevelopmentasdevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds(WCED,1987).Sustainabilitymustaddressecologicalimpacts,regardlessofconflictinginterpretationsoftheWCEDdefinition.
Agoodsustainableproductmustgiveasmuchsatisfactionaspossiblefortheuser.Ifnot,itwillbeunsuccessfulonthemarketandaneconomicfailure.
Itisalsoimportanttoinformpeopleastowhatbasisacertainproductisconsideredtobesustainableornotandwhytheyshouldbuyit[4-5].
Whendevelopinganewproduct,itisillustrativetomovebetweenthethreecornersEcology,EquityandEconomyinordertoobtainasuitablebalancesothateachcategorycanbefulfilledinthebestway.
·Ecology(environmentalprotection).
·Equity(socialequity).
·Economy(economicgrowth).
2.1MaterialsSelectionandSustainability
Amongthenotabletechnologicaldevelopmentsofthe20thcenturythedevelopmentoftensofthousandsofnewmaterialsforuseinconstructionandengineering.Theconstructionindustrytothepointwhereitisaverylargeconsumerofenergyandmaterials.ConcernfortheenvironmentandtheimpactofactivityontheEarth'secologicalsystemsandtheenvironmentalconsequencesoftheiruse.Environmentalistsdioxidevalues,andsoon.Engineersmethodsforthechoiceofmaterials.Thesetechniqueswillbereviewedandexploredinanattempttoprovideanenvironmentally-aware,materialsselectionmethod-logyforuseinconstruction.
Strictly,thetermsustainablemeansthatsomethingiscapableofbeingsustainednotforanisthatifsomeprocesswhichusesmaterialsandenergyisdescribedassustainable,thenthematerialsandenergywhichareconsumedarecapableofbeingreplacedbynaturalorotherprocessesasfastastheyareconsumed.Inmanycasesmaterialsandenergyappeartobeconsumedatafasterratethantheyarebeingreplaced.However,tomakeajudgment,wewouldneedtoknowwhattherespectivesupplyandconsumptionratesareinotherwordsweneedsomequantitativeornumericalindextousessuchlargequantitiesofmaterials,ittheenvironment.Inordertoassessandevaluatesuchimpact,anumberofcriteriaorindicesdevisedbyeconomists,engineersandenvironmentalists,andthemoreimportantofthesearethefollowing[2].
2.2.1EmbodiedEnergy
Thisisquitesimplytheamountofenergyconsumedinmanufacturingaunitquantityofamaterial,anditisusuallyexpressedinkJkg.Itsvalueisdeterminedbytheefficiencyofthemanufacturingplant.Valuesrangefrom275GJtonneforaluminum(aDioxide
EmbodiedC02issimilartoembodiedenergy.ItistheweightofC02emittedduringmanufactureofunitweightofthematerial,andisusuallyexpressedaskgofC02perton.Again,thevaluewilldependupontheefficiencyofthemanufacturingplant[2].
2.2.3EcologicalRucksack
TheecologicalrucksackconceptwasdevisedasawayofassessingmaterialefficiencybyF.Schmidt一Bleek[6].Herecognizedthatmanytonnesofrawmaterialcouldbeextractedandprocessedtomakejustonekilogramofmaterial.Forexample,theenvironmentalrucksackfor
2.3RationalSelectionMethod
Therearevariousapproachestotheproblemofselectingmaterialsfromthetalktotheircolleagues,previous,similardesigns.Allthesearevalidapproaches,buttheymayresultinthespecificationofalessthanidealmaterialandoverall,alessthanoptimalsolutiontotheproblem[3-5].
Thebasisoftherationalselectionmethodsdevisedtodateisarecognitionthattheperformanceofacomponent,artifactorstructureislimitedbythepropertiesofthematerialsfromwhichitismade.Itwillberarefortheperformanceoftheitemtodependsolelyononematerialproperty;innearlyallcases,itisacombinationofproperties,whichisimportant.Togiveanexample,inlightweightdesign,strengthtoweightratioof,andstiffnesstoweightratioEpwillbeimportant.Ref.[3]thesemaps,eachclassofmaterialoccupiesafieldinmaterialpropertyspace,andsub-fieldsmapthespaceoccupiedbyindividualmaterials.
Thesematerialspropertychartsareveryinformation-richtheycarryalargeamountofinformationinacompactbutaccessibleform.Interestingly,theyrevealcorrelationsbetweenmaterialproperties,whichcancheckingandestimatingdata,andtheycanalsobeusedinperformanceoptimization,inamannersuchasthatsetoutasfollow.
Ifweconsiderthecompleterangeofmaterials,itimmediatelybecomesapparentthatforeachpropertyofanengineeringmaterialthereisacharacteristicrangeofvalues,andthisrangecanbeverylarge.Forexample,considerstiffness(Young'sModulusE).Materialsrangefromjelly(verylowstiffness)uptodiamond(veryspanfivedecades(ordersofmagnitude),
Anumberofconclusionscanbedrawn,including:
(1)ArationalselectionmethodsuchtheoneputforwardbyAshbyiscapableofincorporatingenvironmentalparameterssuchasembodiedenergyandC02ortheenvironmentalrucksackconcepts,therebymakingpossiblerationalselectionsbasedonenvironmentalconsiderations.
(2)Thismethodisnotassimpletouseastheenvironmentalpreferencemethodortheenvironmentalprofilesmethod.However,thisrationalmethodcouldbeusedtogeneratedatafortheenvironmentalprofilesandpreferencemethods.
(3)Theconstructionindustryneedstotakestepstobetterintegrateitselfintothematerialscycle.Thequantityofdemolitionwasteneedstobereduced,andmoreofitshouldberecycled.Tothisend,thebuildingdesignersneedtokeepfullrecordsofmaterialsofconstruction,andbuildingsneedtobedesignedforeasydismantlingattheendoftheirusefullives.
3.FoundationsandConstructionComponent
Inanyconsiderationofwhichbuildingmaterialsandalternativescanfeasiblybeintegratedintothefoundationsofalarge-scaledevelopmentthereareseverallimitationsthatmustbeconsidered.
Intermsoftheactualmaterialsthatmaybeused,therearethreemainlimitations.First,becauseofthelargescaleandisclimate.Inareaswithsub-zerowinterconditions,frost.Forthisreason,foundationsmustbedeepenoughtosupportthestructuredespiteanychangesinnear-surfacevolume;shallowfoundationswillbeinsufficientunlesscertaininnovativestepsaretaken.Thelimitationofclimatealsoinfluencesanydecisiononinsulatingfoundations.Finally,thereistheconsiderationofcost.Thisconsiderationisreliantonmaterialavailability,costperunit,andbuildingtechniquesandassociatedlabor.Forthesereasons,theonlymaterialsthatcanfeasiblybeusedareconcreteandsteel.Therefore,thealternativesforminimizingimpactliemoreinthemethodsofconstructionandanyrealisticstructuralchangesthatcanbemade.
Thethreemainfoundationcomponentsofconcrete,steel,andinsulationwillbeexaminedastheonlyreasonablematerialsfortheconstructionofabuildingwithlimitationssuchasthefoundations[1].
3.1Concrete
Itisthefundamentalcomponentofthefoundationconstruction,receivingthebuildingloadsthroughwallsorpostsanddistributesthemdownandoutwardsthroughthefootings.Concreteandcementgeneral)chemicalinertness[8].Thelifecycleconcernsofconcreteareasfollows.First,thereislandand,transportation,andmanufacture.Carbondioxideemissionsarealsoanegativeenvironmentalimpacta