胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版测试题.docx

胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版测试题.docx

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胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版测试题

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题

Chapter1  IntroductionstoLinguistics

I.  Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman __________

A.contact    B.communication    C.relation      D.community

2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

   A.tree    B.typewriter      C.crash        D.bang

3.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is  

__________.

   A.interrogative    B.directive    C.informative    D.performative

4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asa

meansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?

   A.Interpersonal  B.Emotive    C.Performative    D.Recreational

5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,due

tothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

  A.Transferability  B.Duality    C.Displacement      D.Arbitrariness

6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?

      —Aniceday,isn’tit?

      —Right!

Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

   A.Emotive      B.Phatic    C.Performative    D.Interpersonal

7. __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s  knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

   A.Performance  B.Competence    C.Langue      D.Parole

8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbe

sorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

  A.culturaltransmission  B.productivity  C.displacement    D.duality

9. _________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

  A.Psycholinguistics  B.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics    D.Appliedlinguistics

10.________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

  A.Linguistictheory            B.Practicallinguistics

  C.Appliedlinguistics            D.Comparativelinguistics

II. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（10%）

11. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

12. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

13. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.

14. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.

15. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegenetically

transmitted.

16. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.

17. F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.

18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.

19. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.

20. Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.

III. Fillintheblanks.（10%）

21.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.

22.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentences

basedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.

23. Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.

24. Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________

theory.

25. Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.

26. Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsome

rulesforpeopletoobserve.

27. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.

28. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.

29. Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersof

aspeechcommunity.

30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.

IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.（20%）

1.Designfeature

2.Displacement

3. Competence

4. Synchroniclinguistics

V.  Answerthefollowingquestions.（20%）

35. Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?

（南开大学，2004）

36. Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?

（北京第二外国语大学，2004）

VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.（20%）

37. Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?

（青岛海洋大学，1999）

Key:

[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]

I.1~5BACCC 6~10BACAC

II.11~15FFTFF 16~20FFFFF

III.21.verbal  22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction   24.yo-he-ho25.scientific 

26.descriptive27.speech 28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue 30.competence

IV.31.Designfeature:

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguage

andanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.Displacement:

Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whichare

notpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

33. Competence:

Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofits

soundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,

theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelof

competence.

34.Synchroniclinguistics:

Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthe

presentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.

Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.

V.35.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.

Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.

VI.37.Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:

exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollow

thescientificprocedure:

formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.

Chapter2  SpeechSounds

I.Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

      A.intonation  B.tone    C.pronunciation        D.voice

2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes（//）.

      A.allophone      B.phone      C.phoneme      D.morpheme

3. Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

      A.analogues    B.tagmemes   C.morphemes    D.allophones

4. Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas

    __________.

      A.glottis      B.vocalcavity     C.pharynx          D.uvula

5. Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.

      A.wide    B.closing  C.narrow    D.centering

6. Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.

      A.minimalpairs   B.allomorphs  C.phones    D.allophones

7. Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?

      A.Acousticphonetics        B.Articulatoryphonetics

      C.Auditoryphonetics        D.Noneoftheabove

8. Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

      A.[n]      B.[m]        C.[b]          D.[p]

9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

      A.[i:

]        B.[u]        C.[e]        D.[i]

10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

      A.Voiceless      B.Voiced   C.Glottalstop    D.Consonant

II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（10%）

11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchas

syllable,wordandsentence.

12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutiono