语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx

语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx

《语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

语言学知识板块及考点总结

语言学知识板块及考点总结

Ⅰ定义篇

1phonetics（U2of陈；C3of丁）

⑴phoneticsdealswithdescription,classificationandtranscriptionofspeechsounds.

（2）consonantsaresoundsproducedbyobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacestodivert,impedeorcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

（3）cardinalvowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendingtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelofexistinglanguages.

（4）coarticulationistheprocessofsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationswhensoundsshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.

（5）phoneticstranscription:

1.whenwetrytosymbolizeallthepossiblespeechsounds,includingeventheminutestshadesofpronunciation,itiscallednarrowtranscription.

2.whenweuseasetofsimplesymbolsinourtranscription,tryingtoindicateonlythosesoundscapableofdistinguishonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguage,itiscalledbroadtranscription.

（6）RP:

shortforreceivedpronunciation,thestandardaccentofEnglishasspokeninthesouthofEngland,Ithasbeentheaccentofthosewithpower,moneyandinfluencesincetheearlytomid20thcentury.

2phonology

（1）phonologyisconcernedwiththeexplorationofthepatternsgoverningsoundcombinations.

（2）Phonesarethesmallestperceptiblesegmentofsoundsinastreamofspeech.

（3）phonemeisanabstractcollectionofphoneticsfeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning.

（4）minimalpair:

whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentinthesameplaceinstrings,thetwosoundsegmentsarecalledaminimalpair.

（5）allophones:

thedifferentrealizationsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticsenvironmentsarecalledallophones.

1.complementarydistribution:

whentwoormorethantwoallophonesofthesamephonemesdonotdistinguishmeaningandoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments.

2.freevariation:

ifthesubstitutionofonesounddoesnotgenerateanewwordbutmerelyadifferentsoundofthesameword,thetwosoundscanbeseenasinfreevariation.

（6）pitch:

differentfrequenciesproducedbydifferentratesofvibrationinsoundproduction.

（7）stress:

itreferstothedegreeofforceinproducingasyllable.

（8）intonation：

itinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfalling-raisingpatterns,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,either.（Englishisastress-timedlanguage.）

（9）tone:

tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferentrateofvariationofthevocalcords.

（10）assimilation:

theassimilationruleassimilateonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

1.palatalization:

aprocessbywhichanoriginallyalveolarsoundismovedbackwardtothepalatalarea.（e.g.didyou/diju:

/→/did3u:

/）

2.voiceassimilation:

asoundchangestobelikeitspronunciationtobelikeitsneighborsintermsofbeingvoicedorvoiceless.（e.g.metal→meddle）

3.placeassimilation:

assimilationthataffectsplaceofarticulation（e.g.greenpark）

4.elision:

itreferstotheprocessbywhichsomesoundsmaysimplyleftoutinrapidspeech.（e.g./t/inthatperson）

5.liaison:

连音，thepronunciationofanotherwiseabsentconsonantsoundattheendofthefirstoftwoconsecutivewordsthesecondofwhichbeginswithavowelsoundandfollowswithoutpause

（11）differentsoundpattern:

1.alliteration（Cvc）:

theinitialconsonantsareidentical

2.assonance（cVc）:

syllableswiththesamevowel

3.consonance（cvC）:

syllablesendingwiththesameconsonant

4.reverserhyme（CVc）:

syllablessharingthevowelandinitialconsonant.

5.pararhyme（CvC）:

syllableshavingthesameinitialandfinalconsonants

3grammar（U3，U4of陈；C2of丁）

Ⅰlexicon

（1）morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguage,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitwithoutdestroyingordramaticallyalteringitsmeaning.

（2）freemorpheme:

mayoccuraloneorconstitutewordsbythemselves.Allmonomorrphemesarefreemorphemesandpolymorphemicwords,whichconsistofwhollyfreemorphemes,arecompound.

（3）boundmorpheme:

cannotoccuralone.Theymustappearwithatleastanothermorphemetoformaword.

（4）root:

thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning.itiseitherafreemorphemeorboundmorpheme..

（5）affix:

isacollectionofthetypeofmorphemeswhichcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme,soaffixisnaturallybound.

（6）stem:

isanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

（7）inflectionalaffix：

donotchangethecategoryofthewordbutonlyaddagrammaticalmeaningtothestem

（8）derivationalaffix：

changelexicalmeaningandthewordclass

（9）acronym:

ismadeupfromthefirstletterofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavil