Integrative management issue.docx

Integrative management issue.docx

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Integrativemanagementissue

Integrative

Managerial

Issues

学院：

国际学院

专业班级：

国际121

姓名：

周延捷

学号：

201211604142

Abstract

Inthispassage,wewilldescribetheglobalizationanditsimpact,themanagerialimplicationsofHofstede’sresearchoncultureenvironmentandtheGLOBEstudy.Anddiscussingthespecificwaysmanagerscanencourageethicalbehavior.

Introduction

Peopleallovertheworldbecomecloserthaneverbefore.Goodsandservicesthatappearinacountrywillbeimmediatelypromotedintheothers.Internationaltransferandcommunicationaremorecommon.Fordescribingthispresenttime,theyusetheterm:

THEERAOFGLOBALIZATION.Thisphenomenonaffectstheeconomicbusinessandexertsawideinfluenceonsocietyatthat.Thegrowthofthedevelopingcountriesisthemaincauseofglobalizationanditbringsbothopportunitiesanddisadvantagestothem.Globalizationisaprocessandthisprocessmakesdevelopmentsinthesecountries.

September17,2001,ChinajoinedtheWorldTradeOrganizationbegananewchapterinChina'seconomyandtrade,alongwiththecontinuousdeepeningtradecooperationbetweenChinaandothereconomies,Chinaisfacingmorechallengeswithrisks,forChinaneedforadditionalmeasurestofacetheeconomicglobalization,relative,makegooduseofeconomicglobalization,toseizethisopportunity,Chinawillalsogetdeeperandfurtherandbetterdevelopment.

GlobalizationandItsImpact

Indictionary,globalizationmeasthefactthatdifferentculturesandeconomicsystemsaroundtheworldarebecomingconnectedandsimilartoeachotherbecauseoftheinfluenceoflargeMULTINATIONALcompaniesandofimprovedcommunication.1SearchingontheInternet,wewillfindanumberofthedefinitionoftheglobalization.Globalization（orglobalisation）istheprocessofinternationalintegrationarisingfromtheinterchangeofworldviews,products,ideas,andotheraspectsofculture.Advancesintransportationandtelecommunicationsinfrastructure,includingtheriseofthetelegraphanditsposteritytheInternet,aremajorfactorsinglobalization,generatingfurtherinterdependenceofeconomicandculturalactivities.2Ingeneral,globalizationmeanstheworldwidemovementtowardeconomic,financial,trade,andcommunicationsintegration.Globalizationimpliestheopeningoflocalandnationalisticperspectivestoabroaderoutlookofaninterconnectedandinterdependentworldwithfreetransferofcapital,goods,andservicesacrossnationalfrontiers.However,whenamajordisasterstrikes,thefragilityoftheglobalsupplychainbecomesmoreapparent.3

Today,withtheconstantdevelopmentofglobalization,companiesfacingabroadermarketwillhaveadifferentplan.Multinationalcompanyisaproductofglobalization.Anorganizationcanbeconsideredglobalifitusesfinancialsourcesandresourcesoutsideitshomecountry,whichisknownasfinancialglobalization.Therearesomedifferenttypesofglobalorganization.OnetypeofMNCisamultidomesticcorporation,whichdecentralizesmanagementandotherdecisionstothelocalcountryinwhichitisoperating.AnothertypeofMNCisaglobalcorporation,whichcentralizesitsmanagementandotherdecisionsinthehomecountry.Thesecompaniestreattheworldmarketasanintegratedwholeandfocusontheneedforglobalefficiency.Othercompaniescalledatransnationalorborderlessorganizationthatuseanarrangementthateliminatesartificialgeographicalbarriers.4

Oneeffectofglobalizationisthatofexpandedmarkets.Thismeansthatabusinessthathadpreviouslyonlysolditsgoodsdomesticallycanstartsellingproductstoothercountries.Forexample,wecaneatMcDonald'sfromtheUnitedStatesonChina'sland,withJapan'sphotographiccamera,withtheperfumeofFrance,andsoon.Anotherconsequenceofbilateraltradeagreementsistheaccesstocheaperresources.ManycompaniesintheUnitedStatesproducedtheirgoodseitherdomesticallyorinareaswithslightlylessexpensivelabor.Cheaperlaborcontributestocheapercosts,whichinturncontributestolargerprofits.Sometimes,butnotalways,thismayalsomeancheaperproductsandservices.LikemanyofuswhileusingtheAmericanIphone,butwrittenatthebackofthemobilephoneismadeinChina.ReasonisthatChina'scheaprawmaterials,andtherearealotofcheaplabor,thusreducethecost.Internationaldevelopment,asaconsequenceofglobalization,arisesoutofacombinationofbothexpandedmarketsaswellascheaperresources.AprimeexampleofthisisIndia.Beforethelate90s,theinformationtechnologysectorinIndiawaslargelyinitsinfancystage.However,coupledwithaneducatedyetinexpensiveworkforce,foreigncompanieswereabletostartsubsidiariesofhightechactivitiesincitieslikeBangalore.Thistechnologicalknow-howspreadtolocalfirms,whointurngrewasaresultofexpandedmarketsbothinIndiaaswellastherestoftheworld.

Thereappearstobestrongevidencethataspectsofworkorganization,governmentpoliciesandtrainingarrangementshavechangedsubstantiallyoverthelastdecadeorso.WhilethefocusherewasonEurope.wealsomentionedevidencefromothercountries.TheimplicationisthattraditionalcontrastsbetweencountrieswhichhaveunderpinnedtheSEorNCFapproachhavebecomeweaker.Whilesocietaleffectscontinuetobeimportantobjectsforcomparativestudies,theemphasisinthispaperwasplacedonshowingthelimitationstosocietaleffects,andonprovidingevidenceforglobalizationandorganizationeffects.Thesearecomplementaryinsomecases,whileinotherstheyarecontradictorytosocietaleffects.Thus,inmanyinstances,theremaybedoubtoverwhetherorganizationalprocessesandstructuresaresubjecttoapowerfulstructuralisomorphismbetweenfirmsandsocietalinstitutions,andwhethertheycannotbetterbeexplainedbyreferring,forexample,tothestrategiesandorganizationallogicofanMNC.5

ManagerialImplicationsofHofstede’sResearch

GeertHofstede’sframeworkisoneofthemostwidelyreferencedapproachesforanalyzingculturalvariations.HisworkhashadamajorimpactonwhatweknowaboutculturaldifferencesamongcountriesandishighlightedinourFromthePasttothePresentbox.6Hofstede'sdefinitionofculturewas"thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonegrouporcategoryofpeoplefromanother."Thecultureinfluencesleadershipandbehaviourandbystudyingtheseinfluences,itcanprovideaninsightinthemanagementofbusiness.Inaglobaleconomywhereitisoftennecessaryforbusinesssurvivaltomeshculturesandvalues,itisprudenttostudythesefindings.7

AccordingtoHofstede'sculturedimensiontheoryandculturaldifferencesbetweencountriescanbesummarizedasfivedifferentdimensions,respectivelyis:

PowerDistanceIndex（PDI）,Individualism（IDV）,Masculinity（MAS）,UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex（UAI）andLong-TermOrientation（LTO）（SeeTable1）.

Table1:

FiveDimensionsoftheCultureMeasurementinHofstedeModel8

PowerDistanceIndex（PDI）

Theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutions（likethefamily）acceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Itsuggeststhatasociety’slevelofinequalityisendorsedbythefollowersasmuchasbytheleaders.

UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex（UAI）

Asociety’stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity;itultimatelyreferstoman’ssearchforTruth.Itindicatestowhatextentacultureprogramsitsmemberstofeeleitheruncomfortableorcomfortableinunstructuredsituations.

Individualism（IDV）

Thedegreetowhichindividualsareintegratedintogroups.“Collectivism”referstothegroup,nottothestate.

Masculinity（MAS）

Thedistributionofrolesbetweenthegenderswhichisanotherfundamentalissueforanysocietytowhicharangeofsolutionsarefound.

Long-TermOrientation（LTO）

LTOversusshort-termorientation.ItdealswithVirtueregardlessofTruth.ValuesassociatedwithLongTermOrientationarethriftandperseverance;valuesassociatedwithShortTermOrientationarerespectfortradition,fulfillingsocialobligations,andprotectingone’s“face”

Hofstede’snationalculturalframeworkmaybethemostinfluentialconceptualfoundationincross-culturalstudies;hisworkhasbeencited1,101timesfortheyears1987through1997accordingtotheSocialScienceCitationInde.Hisframeworkisbothconceptuallyandempiricallyimportant.Manysimilaritiesoccurindifferenttypologiesofculturecorrespondingtohisnationalvaluedimensions.Inaddition,hisfourprincipaldimensionsarevalidatedby140varioussurveyandnonsurveystudiesthatcomparebetween5and39countries.9Hofstedebelievedthatvaluesdifferentiatesocietiesandpracticesdifferentiateorganizations.Managersaccordingtothefivedimensionsisagoodwaytotellhisownstaffclassification,thustoenableanorganizationtoimproveworkqualityandefficiency.Forexample,accordingtoIDV,individualismandcollectivismcanbetheemployeesworktogether,thenthecollectivistemployeescanhelptheemployeestobetterintegrateintothecollectiveindividualism.Employeesofindividualismcanstrengthencontactwithcollective,improvetheworkefficiency,andreducetheerrorsinthework.

GLOBEStudy

GLOBEistheabbreviationofGlobalLeadershipandOrganizationalBehaviorEffectiveness,whichisalong-termprogrammaticresearcheffortdesignedtoexplorethefascinatingandcomplexeffectsofcultureonleadership,organizationaleffectiveness,economiccompetitivenessofsocieties,andthehumanconditionofmembersofthesocietiesstudiedandanongoingambitiousstudyofcultureandleadershipacrossglobalcultures.TheGLOBEstudie