蓝色经济与海上合作外文文献翻译中英文.docx

蓝色经济与海上合作外文文献翻译中英文.docx

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蓝色经济与海上合作外文文献翻译中英文

孟加拉湾的蓝色经济与海上合作外文翻译中英文

英文

BlueEconomyandMaritimeCooperationintheBayofBengal:

RoleofBangladesh

MohammadRahman

Abstract

Theconcept‘blueeconomy’referstooceanbasedeconomies.Itencompassesconservationintandemwithsustainableusagesofmaritimeresourcesthroughseamlessandintegratespatialplanning.Blueeconomytransformstheoceanresourcesintodevelopmentinstruments.Inlatterdays,therealmofBayofBengalhasveeredintoasynonymofeconomicandstrategicsignificance.Settlementofmaritimeboundarydisputesandthepotentialsofblueeconomyprospectsarespearheadingitslittoralstatesforeconomicgrowth.However,likeotheroceanregions,theBayofBengalisalsoriggedwiththeproblemsofIUUfishing,marinepollution,ineffectivemarineregulationandthenon-traditionalsecuritymenace.

TheproposedpaperendeavorstoanalyseshowBangladesh,asoneofthelittoralstatesoftheBayofBengalregion,isrespondingtothechallengesofoceangovernanceandrevvingupinitiativestogarnerblueeconomybenefitsfromtheBayofBengal.Thearticlealsohighlightsthevistaandpotentialsofregionalcooperationintheblueeconomyrelatedareassuchasregulationofcoastalmarineenvironment;marineprotectedareas;maritimesafetyaswellassecurityofportsandsealanesofcommunication.

Keywords:

Blueeconomy,BayofBengal,OceanGovernance,RegionalCooperation,SafetyofShip,EnvironmentProtection

1Introduction

Oceanentwinesthetwo-thirdsofsurfaceoftheearth.Fromthatperspective,bluewatersoftheoceansaredeemedasthebloodstreamofthisplanetearth.Withoutit,purethrombosiswouldoccurtohumancivilization.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentPrograminitsreportundertherubricof’GreenEconomyinBlueWorld’comparestheresourcesofoceanas’cornucopia’forhumancivilization[1].Here,thetermcornucopiaisaGreekmythicallexiconthatreferstoconeshapedornamentwhichisabundantwithwhateveritsownerdesires.Hence,therehasbeenbrewingglobalconcernsforpreservationandsustainableutilizationofoceanresources.Forcenturies,thepracticalusageofoceanwasfewconfiningtocoastalfishing,commercialvoyagesandnavalbattlesfortheexpansionofempire.Consequently,themaritimeaffairsinprecedingcenturieswasspecialconcernofonlyhandfulofseafaringnations,andthence,thenatureandcontentsofthelawoftheseawasdeterminedlargelybythedominantinterestsofthemaritimepowers[2].However,thesituationhasbeenswervedandtheconcept’blueeconomy’isposedasfoghornofsuchchanges.Theconceptblueeconomyhasveeredintoabuzzwordforsustainabledevelopment.BlueeconomyentersintothemaritimelexiconduringthetimespanofUnitedNationsConferenceonSustainableDevelopment,whichismuchfamiliarastheRio+20Conference.Theconceptconduitsenvironmental,economicandsocialdevelopmenttoseasandoceans.TheconceptiscoinedbyGunterPauli,aBelgianeconomist[3].Blueeconomydefinessustainableeconomicdevelopmentthroughutilizingtheadvantageandstrategyofexploringtheresourcesofthebluewater[4].Ingeneral,itrefersutilizationofoceanresourcesthroughsystematicway.Theconceptaimstogarnerradicalresourceefficiencyandminimalwaste.Asthecoastalstates’oceanactivitiescontinuetoexpand,concernsastomaritimesafetywouldalsowadetothefore.Duetothis,maritimesecurityfallsundertherubricofblueeconomy.Theprinciplesofblueeconomyaimatgeneratingnewjobs,buildingupsocialcapitalandaugmentingincome[5].

ThemaritimedomainoftheBayofBengalisexpectedtocontributeitslittoralstates,throughblueeconomy,towardsthethoroughfareofprosperity.Sustainableuseandmanagementoflivingandnon-livingmarineresourcesoftheBayofBengalwouldleverageemploymentcreation,socio-economicdevelopmentandgiltedgefoodsecurity.BangladeshconsiderstheBayofBengalitsthirdneighbor[6].Thiscoastalcountryislocatedinthepivotalgeo-strategiclocationoftheBayofBengal[7].ForamaritimenationlikeBangladesh,blueeconomyconcepthasprovidedanimpetustosailfornewsealaneofeconomicdevelopment.Infact,theconceptblueeconomyisanaptmodelforlittoralstatelikeBangladeshtoachievesustainableeconomy[5].

2NatureandDefinitionofBlueEconomy-AnAppraisal

Theconcept’blueeconomy’waspropoundedintheRioSummitof2012,whichisalsofamiliaras’Rio+20’,bytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram.Practically,theproposedconceptisanapplicationofboth’greeneconomy’intandemwith?

Greengrowth?

Conceptstotheoceanrealm[8].Improvinghumanwellbeingandsocialequityinparallelwithlessenvironmentalharmandefficientresourceutilization-werethevitalcausesbehindunderpinningtheblueeconomyconceptintheRio+20summit[9].Blueeconomyrecognizestheoceanrealmasthenewlyinductedplatformofoceandevelopmentaswellasoceangovernance[10].Theconceptmirrorsthedragginglinebetweensocio-economicdevelopmentandrecklessenvironmentaldegradation[9].Blueeconomyalsoencompassesanassortmentofnewtechnologyorientedsectorsthatarecapableofsupportingmaritimeprosperitythroughmaritimeexplorationandresearchofmaritimeissues.Fromthatviewpoint,blueeconomyisascienceintensivemaritimeconcept[11].Scholarsbelongingtomaritimedomainareusedtoillustrateblueeconomyininclusivemannerencompassingmarineenvironment,maritimeeconomicandtradeactivities[9].However,itispertinenttomentionherethatatpresent,auniversallyaccepteddefinitionofblueeconomyhasyettobeformulated[8].Thereisneitheranystandardsformeasureableandcalculabletermshasyetbeenestablished[9].Noranyworkingdefinitionhasyettobeunderpinnedonregionalbasis[10].Nevertheless,variousresearchinstitutions,internationalorganizationsandthinktanksdefinestheconceptblueeconomyfrommotleyofperspectives.

AccordingtotheWorldBank,theconceptblueeconomydelineatessuchmarinebasedeconomicdevelopmentwhichatthesametimespearheadsthehumanwellbeingandsocialequityintandemwithdecreasingthepotentialenvironmentalharmandecologicalscarcities[8].TheEconomistmagazineinitsreport,underthetitleof’TheBlueEconomy:

Growth,OpportunityandaSustainableOceanEconomy’explainsblueeconomyas’sustainableoceaneconomy’.Asalientfeatureofsuchsustainableoceaneconomyrequirestheusageofbalancedeconomicactivityintheoceanrealmwhichwouldenablethemarineecosystemtoremainresilientandhealthy[12].TheIndianOceanRimAssociation（IORA）,avibrantregionalforumoflittoralstatesoftheIndianOcean,definesblueeconomyastheintegrationofoceaneconomydevelopmentthatenhanceshumanwelfareinaholisticmanner.InthedefinitionoftheIORA,theconceptoceaneconomydevelopmentencompassesthepracticesofsocialinclusion,environmentsustainabilityandinnovativebusinessmodel[10].

3BlueEconomyDimensionsoftheBayofBengal-ABoonforBangladesh

Among64baysintheworld,theBayofBengalisdeemedasoneofthelargest.ItistheindefeasiblepartoftheIndianOcean.ThelittoralstatesentwiningrealmoftheBayofBengalhaveapopulaceofapproximately1.4billion[6].Itistheseathatformsthenorth-easternpartoftheIndianOcean;1,300mileslongand1,000mileswide,borderedonthewestbySriLankaandIndia,onthenorthbyBangladesh,andontheeastbyMyanmarandThailand.AsalientfeatureoftheBayofBengalisthatitliesinitslocationinthedownstreamofoneoftheworld’smostactivedelta[7].Furthermore,theBayofBengalisoneofthevitalwingsoftheIndianOceanwhichishighlypotentialforpowerpoliticsaswellasgeo-politicaltension.Thence,itconceivespivotalstrategicsignificanceintheglobalandregionalgeo-economicandgeo-politicalenvironment.AcommonscenarioamongthelittoralstatesoftheBayofBengalisthatmostofthecountriesarefamiliarasrisingeconomy[13].Thesealiesatthecenteroftwobehemotheconomicblocks,theSouthAsiaandtheSoutheastAsia.Besidesthat,itbridgestheSouthEastAsianeconomytoMiddleEasternoilsources[13].Itisbelievedtobeoneofthebiggestreservesourcesofoffshorehydrocarbonreservesincludinggas,oilandlivingresourceslikefishingresources,herbsandcorals.Theselivingaswellasnon-livingresourcesarethesteppingstonesofthefutureeconomicdevelopmentoftheregion.ThemaritimedomainoftheBayofBengalisexpectedtocontributeSouthAsianlittoralstatesimmenselytowardsthegrowthofprosperity.SustainableuseandmanagementoffisheryresourcesoftheBayofBengalwouldleverageemploymentcreationandfoodsecurity.Judiciousmanagementoftheexpandingoffshoreoilandgasindustryoftheregioncanalsospursocio-economicdevelopmentandenhanceSouthAsialittoralstates’energysecurity.

BlueEconomy:

PresentandFutureAgendaforBangladesh

BangladeshliesbetweentheHimalayanMountainsandtheBayofBengalinthedeltaoftheRiverGangesandBrahmaputra[14].GeographicallocationofBangladeshintheBayofBengalrealmindicatesitsdependenceonseaforbothprosperityandsecurity[15].AftertwowinningverdictsonmaritimeboundarydelimitationissuesagainstIndiaandMyanmar,pathshavebeenpavedforBangladeshtoestablishitsclaimoveravastareainthebluewaterrealmoftheBayofBengal.SuchrealitiesareactuallypavedBangladeshtodevelopcapabilitiestoprojecteffectivecontroloveritsmaritimezonesandtogarnerbenefitsofmarineresources[7].Therehasbeenapopularspeculationthataftersettlingmaritimeboundarydisputeswithneighboringlittoralstates,Bang