考博英语模拟试题与答案详解.docx

考博英语模拟试题与答案详解.docx

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考博英语模拟试题与答案详解

考博英语模拟试题

PartIListeningComprehension（15points）（略）

PartIIReadingComprehension（40%）

Directions:

Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachorthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Eighttimeswithinthepastmillionyears,somethingintheEarth'sclimaticequationhaschanged,allowingsnowinthemountainsandthenorthernlatitudestoaccumulatefromoneseasontothenextinsteadofmeltingaway.Eachtime,theenormousicesheetsresultingfromthiscontinualbuilduplastedtensofthousandsofyearsuntiltheendofeachparticularglacialcyclebroughtawarmerclimate.Scientistsspeculatedthattheseglacialcycleswereultimatelydrivenbyastronomicalfactor:

slow,cyclicchangesintheeccentricityoftheEarth'sorbitandinthetiltandorientationofitsspinaxis.Butupuntilaround30yearsago,thelackofanindependentrecordofice-agetimingmadethehypothesisuntreatable.

Thenintheearly1950'sEmirianproducedthefirstcompleterecordofthewaxwingsandawningsoffirstglaciations.Itcamefromaseeminglyoddplace,theseafloor.Single-cellmarineorganismscalled"foraminifera''housethemselvesinshellsmadefromcalciumcarbonate.Whentheforaminiferadie,sinktothebottom,andbecomepartofseafloorsediments,thecarbonateoftheirshellspreservescertaincharacteristicsoftheseawatertheyinhabited.Inparticular,theratioofaheavyisotopeofoxygen（oxygen-18）toordinaryoxygen（oxygen-16）inthecarbonatepreservestheratioofthetwooxygen’sinwatermolecules.

Itisnowunderstoodthattheratioofoxygenisotopesreflectstheproportionoftheworld'swaterlockedupinglaciersandicesheets.Akindofmeteorologicaldistillationaccountsforthelink.Watermoleculescontainingtheheavierisotopetendtocondenseandfallasprecipitationslightlysoonerthanmoleculescontainingthelighterisotope.Hence,aswatervaporevaporatedfromwarmoceansmovesawayfromitssource,itsoxygen-18returnsmorequicklytotheoceansthandoesitsoxygen-16.Whatfallsassnowondistanticesheetsandmountainglaciersisrelativelydepletedofoxygen-18.Astheoxygen-18-pooricebuildsup,theoceansbecomerelativelyenrichedintheisotope.Thelargertheicesheetsgrow,thehighertheproportionofoxygen-18becomesinseawater--andhenceinthesediments

Analyzingcoresdrilledfromseafloorsediments,MililanifoundthattheisotopicratioroseandfellinroughaccordwiththeEarth'sastronomicalcycles.Sincethatpioneeringobservation,oxygenisotopemeasurementshavebeenmadeonhundredsofcores.Thecombinedrecordenablesscientiststoshowthattherecordcontainstheveryperiodicitiesastheorbitalprocesses.Overthepast800,000years,theglobalicevolumepeakedevery100,000years,matchingtheperiodoftheorbitaleccentricityvariation.Inaddition,"wrinkles"superposedoneachcycle--smalldecreasesorsurgesinicevolume--havecomeatintervalsofroughly23,000and41,000years,inkeepingwiththeprecessionandtiltfrequenciesoftheEarth'sspinaxis.

16.Inopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________

A.unfoldingaphenomenon.B.posingacontrast.

C.refutingaspeculation.D.testifyingahypothesis.

17.Theexpression"waxingsandwanings"（Paragraph2）mostprobablymeans________

A.regularitiesandeccentricities.B.vaporizationsandsediments.

C.variantsandconstants.D.maximizationsanminimizations.

18.Aspointedoutinthetext,theratioofoxygen-18tooxygen-16inseafloorsedimentsandthatoftheseisotopeslockedinglaciersandice-sheetsare________

A.irrelevant.B.correlated.C.corresponding.D.identical.

19.Single-cellmarineorganismsreferredtoas"foraminifera"asmentionedinthetextmightserveas_________

A.aproofagainsttheexistenceofoxygen.

B.atestimonytosedimentformationprocesses.

C.avalidrecordjustifyingglacialperiodiccycles.

D.anindicatoroftheratioofthetwooxygen’s.

20.Whatcanwesafelyinferfromthetext?

A.Manyaphenomenonmightbecausedbyastronomicalfactors.

B.Anyhypothesisshouldbeabandonedunlesssupportedbysolidrecords.

C.GlaciersaretherecordskeepingEarth'sastronomicalcycles.

D.Oxygenisotopesareevenlydistributedthroughouttheearthsurface.

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon'tbelievethatthere'sadefinitebetweensmokingandbronchialtroubles,heartdiseaseandlungcancer,thenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy.Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn'tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraised,thegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevil,seenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedly,afewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.InBritain,forexample,cigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeased,whilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmoky,cancerousdeath.

Youdon'thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindingshavebeensolukewarm.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It'salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.Intaxrevenuealone,thegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmay,conceivably,beharmful,itdoesn'tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit.

Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehand,itispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother.Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrun,thereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether.

Ofcourse,wearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoples,you'dthinkthey'dconductaggressiveantismokingcampaigns.Farfromit!

Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinguptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.Theadvertisementsalwaysdepictvirile,clean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmoke,evenpositivelyhealthy!

Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlife,withbeautifulgirls,trueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense!

Forastart,governments,couldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown.Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatres,cinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--say,apictureofadeath'shead--shouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweak,butifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageously,theycouldprotectusfromourselves.

21.Thebesttitleofthetextmaybe_______

A.giveupthehabitofsmokingimmediately.

B.wordgovernmentsshouldconductseriouscampaignsagainstsmoking.

C.goonwithanti-smokinglobbyvigorously.

D.worldgovernmentsshouldallocatemorefundsoncancerresearches.

22.Aspointedoutinthetext,governmentsarereluctanttoexercisetotalbanoncigaretteandtobaccoadvertising_____

A.intheinterestsoffinancialrewards.B.forthesakeofthepublic'swelfare.

C.withoutregardtotaxcollections.D.inanticipationofsmokerslobbying.

23.Theword"hypocrisy"（Paragraph2）denotes______

A.dishonesty.B.predicament.C.indecision.D.intimidation.

24.Itcanbeconcludedthatanti-smokingcampaignsshouldbeconducted_______

A.insidiouslyanddiscreetly.B.vividlyandattractively.

C.aggressivelyanddrastically.D.disinterestedlyandbravely.

25.Theauthorismostcriticalof________

A.anti-smokinglobbyists.B.tobaccoadvertisers.

C.worldgovernments.D.taxcollectors.

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair'sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheEurohavefallenondeafears,itsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheEuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheEuroasacashcurrency,theywillwarmtoitpavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum.

TheideaofEurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheEuroargument.Accordingtothepros,asBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeEuro,membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,sothoseinfavorareboundtowin.Accordingtotheantis,asBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeEuro,membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,sothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight.

Dreamornightmare,EurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwithEuros,whichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.So,too,willforeignvisitors.AstheEarnbecomesaparallelcurrency,thosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-o-onemajority