国际管理期末复习要点.docx

国际管理期末复习要点.docx

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国际管理期末复习要点

国际管理期末复习要点

1、Multi-nationalcorporation（MNC）（chapter1）

Multi-nationalcorporation（MNC）:

--Operationsinmorethanonecountry--Internationalsales--Nationalitymixofmanagersandowners

2、Globalization

3、Internationalization

Globalization:

theprocessofintegrationamongcountriesaroundtheworldwithavisionofasinglemarketentity:

SocialEconomicPoliticalTechnologicalCulturalInternationalization:

theprocessofabusinesscrossingnationalandculturalborders.

4、BenefitsandCriticismsofGlobalization

BenefitsofGlobalization:

--wealth,jobs,technology,lowerprices.CriticismsofGlobalization:

---off-shoringofbusinessservicejobstolower-wagecountries;---growingtradedeficits;---slowwagegrowth;---environmentalandsocialimpacts.

5、EconomicSystemsoftheWorld

MarketEconomy

CommandEconomy

MixedEconomy

6、IdeologiesandPoliticalSystems（chapter2）

Ideologies（意识形态）（ideasreflectingbeliefsandvaluesinfluencingbehavior/cultureofnationsandpoliticalsystems）underlietheactionsofgovernments.Evaluateapoliticalsystemalongtwodimensions:

（1）rightsofcitizensbasedonasystemofgovernment（rangedemocratictototalitarian）;

（2）Focusofpoliticalsystemonindividualismvs.collectivism.--Nopureformofgovernment--Democratictendtoemphasizeindividualismandtotalitariantendstoemphasizecollectivism.

（1）Ideologies:

---Individualism（个人主义）

--Peopleshouldbefreetopursueeconomicandpoliticalendeavorswithoutconstraint.--Inbusinesscontext,similartocapitalismandconnectedtofreemarketsociety--Privatepropertymoresuccessful,productive,andprogressivethancommunal（公有）property--Betterment（改善）ofsocietyrelatedtoleveloffreedomindividualshaveinpursuingeconomicgoals.

（1）Ideologies:

--Collectivism（集体主义）

--Doesnotvalueindividualassuch--Viewsneeds/goalsofsocietyatlargeasmoreimportantthanindividualdesires--Norigidformofcollectivismassocietalgoalsdiffergreatlyamongcultures--e.g.:

Fascism（法西斯）:

nationalism（民族主义）,（NorthKorea）authoritarianism（独裁）,militarism（军国）,corporatism（社团主义）,collectivism,totalitarianism

（1）Ideologies:

---Socialism（社会主义）

--Governmentownershipofinstitutions--Profitisnottheultimategoal--Canbeviewedasmoderateexampleofcollectivisminpractice--HasbeenpracticedinChina,NorthKorea,Cuba--Democraticsocialism（民主社会主义）,moremoderateform,practicedbyGreatBritain’sLabourParty,andinFrance,Spain,andGreece--Communismisextremeformofsocialistthought

（2）PoliticalSystems:

---Democracy（民主）

--Europeanroots（paradox）--Systeminwhichgovernmentiscontrolledbycitizenseitherdirectlyorthroughelections.--Democraticsocietycannotexistwithoutatleastatwo-partysystem--Onceelected,representativeisheldaccountabletoelectorateforactions（whichlimitspowerofgovernment）

（2）PoliticalSystem:

---Totalitarianism（极权）

--Onlyonerepresentativepartywhichexhibitscontrolovereveryfacetofpoliticalandhumanlife--Powermaintainedbysuppressionofopposition--Dominantidealsincludemediacensorship（媒体检查）,politicalrepresentation,denialofrights,andcivilliberties

7、FourGlobalFoundationsofLaw

Islamiclaw（伊斯兰法）--DerivedfrominterpretationofQur’an（古兰经）andteachingsofProphetMuhammad（先知穆罕默德）---FoundinIslamiccountries:

MiddleEastandCentralAsiaSocialistlaw（社会主义法）--OriginsinMarxist（马克思主义者）socialistsystem--Requiresmostpropertytobeownedbystateorstateenterprises--Continuestoinfluenceregulationsinformercommunistcountries:

---MembersofformerSovietUnion---Peoples’RepublicofChina---Vietnam---NorthKorea---CubaCommonlaw（普通法）--OriginsinEnglishlaw（英国法律）---Foundationoflegalsystemfor:

UnitedStates//Canada///England///Australia//NewZealandCivilorcodelaw（民法或成文法）--DerivedfromRomanlaw（罗马法律）---Foundinnon-Islamicandnon-socialistcountries:

France//SomeLatinAmericancountries//LouisianaintheU.S.

8、SovereigntyandSovereignImmunity（主权豁免原则）,InternationalJurisdiction（国际司法管辖权）,DoctrineofComity（礼让主义）andActofStateDoctrine（国家法令主义）

SovereigntyandSovereignImmunity（主权豁免原则）:

Aninternationalprincipleoflawwhichholdsthatgovernmentshavetherighttorulethemselvesastheyseefit.

InternationalJurisdiction（国际司法管辖权）:

Ajurisdictionalprincipleofinternationallawwhichholdsthateverycountryhasjurisdictionoveritscitizensnomatterwheretheyarelocated--Nationalityprinciple（国家原则，赖昌星）--Territorialityprinciple（属地原则，日本食品）--Protectiveprinciple（保护性原则，利比亚过度委员会）

DoctrineofComity（礼让主义，惯例）:

Ajurisdictionalprincipleofinternationallawwhichholdsthattheremustbemutualrespectforthelaws,institutions,andgovernmentofothercountriesinthematterofjurisdictionovertheirowncitizens.

ActofStateDoctrine（国家法令主义，母国对自身公司的要求）:

AjurisdictionalprincipleofinternationallawwhichholdsthatallactsofothergovernmentsareconsideredtobevalidbyU.S.courts,evenifsuchactsareillegalorinappropriateunderU.S.law.

9、CSRandNGO（chapter3）

CorporateSocialResponsibility（CSR）:

---Closelyrelatedtoethics---Actionsofafirmtobenefitsocietybeyondrequirementsoflawanddirectinterestsoffirm---CSRinvolvestakingvoluntaryaction---CSRconcernsincludeworkingconditionsinfactoriesandservicecentersaswellasenvironmentalimpactsofcorporateactivities

（CSR:

Actionofafirmtobenefitsocietybeyondtherequirementsofthelawanddirectinterestsofthefirm&Sustainability:

Developmentthatmeetshumanity’sneedswithoutharmingfuturegenerations）

NGO:

Non-governmentalorganization;private,not-for-profitorganizationthatseekstoservesociety’sinterestsbyfocusingonsocial,political,andeconomicissuessuchaspoverty,socialjustice,education,healthandtheenvironment.--NGOshaveurgedMNCstobemoreresponsivetorangeofsocialneedsindevelopingcountries--NGOshavegrowninnumber,power,influence--NGOactivismhascausedmajorchangesincorporatebehavior--NGOleadersarethemosttrustedofeightleadershipcategories（seeslidetofollow）

（NGOsinU.S.andglobally--SavetheChildren（救助儿童会）///Oxfam（牛津饥荒救济委员会）//CARE（美国援外汇款合作组织）//WorldWildlifeFund（世界野生动物基金组织）//ConservationInternational（国际保护组织））

10、CharacteristicsofCulture（chapter4）

Learned（学习）Shared（分享）Trans-generational（代代相传）Symbolic（象征性）Patterned（模式化）Adaptive（适应性）

11、Hofstede’sCulturalDimensions

1、Powerdistance（权力距离）:

Lesspowerfulmembersacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally--Highpowerdistancecountries:

peopleblindlyobeysuperiors;centralized,tallstructures（e.g.,Mexico,SouthKorea,India）（地中海国家和亚洲，马来西亚104，中国80）---Lowpowerdistancecountries:

flatter,decentralizedstructures,smallerratioofsupervisortoemployee（e.g.,Austria,Finland,Ireland）（盎格鲁国家,美国35，法国下级军官德雷福斯冤案）

2、Uncertaintyavoidance（不确定性规避）:

peoplefeelthreatenedbyambiguoussituations;createbeliefs/institutionstoavoidsuchsituations---Highuncertaintyavoidancecountries:

highneedforsecurity,strongbeliefinexpertsandtheirknowledge;structureorganizationalactivities,morewrittenrules,lessmanagerialrisktaking（e.g.,Germany,Japan,Spain）（地中海国家和亚洲）---Lowuncertaintyavoidancecountries:

peoplemorewillingtoacceptrisksoftheunknown,lessstructuredorganizationalactivities,fewerwrittenrules,moremanagerialrisktaking,higheremployeeturnover,moreambitiousemployees（e.g.,DenmarkandGreatBritain）（盎格鲁国家）3、Individualism（个人主义）:

Peoplelookafterselvesandimmediatefamilyonly---Highindividualismcountries:

wealthier,protestantworkethic,greaterindividualinitiative,promotionsbasedonmarketvalue（e.g.,U.S.,Canada,Sweden）（较发达国家）----Highcollectivismcountries:

poorer,lesssupportofProtestantworkethic,lessindividualinitiative,promotionsbasedonseniority（e.g.,Indonesia,Pakistan）

4、Masculinity（刚毅性）/femininity:

dominantsocialvaluesaresuccess,money,andthingsHighmasculinecountries（刚毅性指数高）:

stressearnings,recognition,advancement,challenge,wealth;highjobstress（e.g.,Germaniccountries）Highfemininecountries（柔弱）:

emphasizecaringforothersandqualityoflife;cooperation,friendlyatmosphere.,employmentsecurity,groupdecisionmaking;lowjobstress（e.g.,Norway）

12、Trompenaars’CulturalDimensions

Universalismvs.Particularism（普遍性和特殊性）--Universalism:

ideas/practicescanbeappliedeverywhere--Highuniversalismcountries:

formalrules,closeadheretobusinesscontracts（e.g.,Canada,U.S.,Netherlands,HongKong）---Particularism:

circumstancesdictatehowideas/practicesapply;highparticularismcountriesoftenmodifycontracts（e.g.,China,SouthKorea）

Individualismvs.Communitarianism（个人主义和团体主义）---Individualism:

peopleasindividuals---Countrieswithhighindividualism:

stresspersonalandindividualmatters;assumegreatpersonalresponsibility（e.g.,Canada,Thailand,U.S.,Japan）--Communitarianism:

peopleregardselvesaspartofgroup---Valuegroup-relatedissues;committeedecisions;jointresponsibility（e.g.,Malaysia,Korea）Neutralvs.Emotional（中立和情绪化）--Neutral:

cultureinwhichemotionsnotshown--Highneutralcountries,peopleactstoicallyandmaintaincomposure（e.g.,JapanandU.K.）--Emotional:

Emotionsareexpressedopenlyandnaturally--Highemotioncultures:

peoplesmilealot,talkloudly,greeteachotherwithenthusiasm（e.g.,Mexico,Netherlands,Switzerland）

Specificvs.Diffuse（明确文化和扩散文化，比如名称和头衔）--Specific:

largepublicspacesharedwithothersandsmallprivatespaceguardedclosely--Highspecificcultures:

peopleopen,extroverted;strongseparationworkandpersonallife（e.g.,Austria,U.K.,U.S.）---Diffuse:

publicandprivatespacessimilarsize,publicspaceguardedbecausesharedwithprivatespace;peopleindirectandintroverted,work/privatelifecloselylinked（e.g.,Venezuela,C