工程监理中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

工程监理中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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工程监理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译

EngineeringsupervisionsysteminChina'sEngineeringconstructionintheposition

WiththedominanceofChina'ssocialistmarketeconomy,thedeterminationoftheprojectsupervisionsysteminChina'shighwayconstructionisgraduallybecomingmoremature.Talkingabouttheprojectinthecountry,peoplealwaysfocusonprojectqualityside,itseemsthatthefocusofthetaskofsupervisionistoprotectthequalityofprojects,infact,itisverycomprehensive,accordingtoFIDICprovisionsintheprojectconstruction,projectquality,ofcourse,crucial,butonlytoprotecttheprojectsupervisionofthethreeobjectives（quality,duration,cost）,oneofthesethreegoalsareinterrelatedandinfluence,fromdifferentanglestoprotecttheownersoftheprojectefficiency.Ofwhichcostcontrolisalsoveryimportanttothemanagementaspectofthiswork,goodorbad,isdirectlyrelatedtowhetherthequalityoftheprojectcanachievethedesiredgoals,andwhethertheprogresscanbecompletedontime.

First,thedesignphaseofthedesignphaseofSupervision

Theintroductionofengineeringsupervision,determineareasonabledesign,maturetechnology,reducetheconstructionphaseofmajordesignchangesandprogramchangestooccur,theeffectivecostcontrolwillplayacertainrole.Expertssay:

Iftheprojectsupervisioninvolvedinthedesignstage,then,andcanberuledout,tocorrect80%oftheerrors,buttotheconstructionstagetobeinvolvedinsupervisionofworks,atbest,canonlysave20%oftheinvestment.Accordingtotheinformationbriefing,aGermanuniversitylaboratorybuilding,theoriginaldesignisthreeandabasement,theprojectmanagementcompanytomeetthecommission'sspacerequirementsandfunctionalconditions,proposedtoincreasethelayertoshortenthetwo-axisthentheabolitionofthebasement.Butalsoreducestheflowofpeopletoevacuatedistance（totherequiredstandards）,somodifiedafterthedesignisnotonlyreducedcosts,hasalsobeenimprovedfunctionality,accesstocreditandpraiseofthemunicipalgovernment.Atpresent,Chinaforengineeringsupervisionatthedesignstagetointroducethepracticeisstillrare,weshouldlearnfromforeigncountriesmatureanddevelopedsystem,thedevelopmentofrelevantsystems,andstandardizethemarket.Advocatesstrengtheningthedesignphaseofthesupervision,controlandmanagementfromacostsense,exantecontrol,prevention,whichisscientificandreasonable.Therefore,toenhancethedesignstagetocontrolthecostofsupervisionisnecessary.

Second,theconstructionphaseoftheSupervision

Asweallknow,domesticandinternationalconstructionmarketsarethedominantownersofabuyer'smarket,theconstructionofcompetitionamongenterprisesisverycruel.Inordertobid,bidderstendtoalmostzeroprofitsorevenbelowcostbids,buttheownersoftenuselow-costwayofwinning.Whilethebidderspromisedtoabidebytheprovisionsofcontractdocuments,butoncethecontract,theyrefusedtotheendthereisnoprofitorlosingmoney,so,oftenwithinferiormaterials,donotfollowstandardconstruction,bribery,orlayersofsubcontractingmeanstoprofit.Thistime,theabsenceofaneffectivesupervisionmechanism,thevictimscanonlybetheowners.

Fromtheprocess,processcontrolthecostofsupervisionofsupervisionengineershouldnotonlybeconcernedwithwhethertheworkstomeettherequiredqualitygoals,heshouldbethefocusalltheobjectivesoftheprojectdesign,intheactualoperation,thecontractorengagedinconstructionpriortopermanentperdaysmustbecarriedoutbyavarietyofinspection,testing,contentorfaceanewjob,workload,constructionmethods,measures,materialstestingandsub-contractingpartoftheworkorworkssubmittedtotheapprovalofsupervisoryengineer.Thecontractorcanonlyworkwithintheapproved,withoutapprovalorbeyondtheapprovedengineer'sworkcannotberecognized.Atthesametimeisalsoanengineerapprovedthecontractortoobtainabasisforprogresspayments.Engineers,contractors,anynon-approvedinputs（manpower,materials,equipment）willnotreceivecompensation,meaningthatthereisnoengineer'sapproval,thecontractorshallnotproceedtothenextoneprocessorface,shallnotbeputintoconstructionmaterials,use,shallnotsubcontractpartoftheprojectorwork.

SupervisionandControlofprojectcostfromthecostoftheengineeringsupervisionoftheprojectcostmanagementgoalistoprojecttobecompletedwithinthecontractpricecannotbetherefarexceedestimates.Supervisionofthestrictmonitoringoftheproject,duetothecontractorcausesthepossibilityofsuper-budgetisalmostzero.Thisisbecause:

EngineeringSuper-budget,nomorethantwokindsofreasons,thefirstriseinunitlaborandmaterials,first,duringtheconstructionworksincreasedvolume,whilethecontractor'sbidisacommitmenttoitsbinding,andthecontractornotentitledtotheirownworkstoincreasetheamountoftheproject,evenifthereareengineers,requiredthecontractortoincreasetheinputofresourcestoprotecttheprojectdesigngoals,thecontractorhasnorighttobecompensated,therefore,becauseinthetenderdocument,thecontractorcanprotectalargenumberoffrequentlycitedthesuccessfulcompletionoftheprojectpersonnelandmechanicalequipment.Fromequipmentcosts,materialscostsandequipmentcostscontrolsupervision,materialscostsinthecapitalprojectsaccountforabout70%oftheentirecost.Itistheprojectamajorcomponentofdirectcosts.Materials,equipment,highandlowpriceswilldirectlyaffectthesizeoftheconstructioncosts.

Thus,inthesupervisionprocess,cannotbeignoredthatpart.Tointroducecompetition,andcreatecompetitiveconditions.Ownerscandelegatethedirectsupervisionthroughpublictenderselectingthesuppliers,sothatcontractorscanavoidunauthorizedlowerprices,delaysinproviderpaymentsandthusleadtoshoddysupplier,deliveryisnottimely,therebyaffectingtheprogressofprojectshappening.Thecontractorinthepreparationoftenderprices,mainlythepricesofmaterialsandequipmentownersandsupplierssignedpricequotation,bythesuppliersofmaterialsandequipmentwillbemainlytransportedtothescenebythesupervisingengineersandcontractorstoco-sign,thebytheownerwillfocusontheprocurementofmaterialsandequipmentshallbepaiddirectlytosuppliers.

Fromtheaboveproceduresiseasytoseethecontractorinadditiontosupervisingengineersnochoicebuttoobey.Thisisbecausethesupervisingengineercontractorperformancehasastrongeconomicconstraintsmeans,economicmeansofpaymentbytheprojectsystemandthedepositsystem,composition,theyaretheheadsofthetwocontractors,"inhibition".

Theprojectpaymentsystem:

infact,theprojectpaymentsystemistoprojecttheeconomicriskofbeingtransferredtothecontractor.Contractormustobtaineconomicbenefits（thebidpriceandthedifferencebetweentheactualcostoftheproject）prioradvancemoneyorotherresources,thatis:

Hehadtobuythematerials,equipment,paymentofwagesandotherexpenses,underthesupervisionofthesupervisingengineercontractdocumentsallrequeststocreateaproject.Canonlybetheworkofthecontractortocompletethewrittenapprovalofthesupervisoryengineerandthequalityofbond,afterdeductingtherefromtheownertoobtaincompensation（forprojects）.Ifthecontractor'sworkshouldnotbesosatisfiedwithsupervision,henotonlynohopeofprofit,andeventhecostofinputscannotberecovered.

ProjectMarginSystem:

Asarule,signedcontractbeforethecontractormustpaythecontractpriceequalto10%oftheperformancebondorletterofguarantee.Thecontractorpriortocommencementofcourse,canbeobtainedfromtheownersof10%ofthetotalcontractpriceoftheadvancepayment,buthemustalsobematchedtotheownerstosubmitabondorletterofguarantee.Evenifthecontractorhasreceivedfinalacceptancecertificatesfromtheproject,hewillbeleaving5%oftotalcontractpriceoftheretentionmoney.Heretheperformancebondandretentionpaymentstotaling15%oftheprojectcontractprice,fargreaterthanthecontractor'sprofitmargin.Thecontractor'sdefaultcancausebondbeforfeited,andwhetherthebreachofcontractonlytoevaluatethesupervisoryengineer.

Third,completionoftheprojectclosingofSupervision

Thefirstjobdoneinseveralstages,basedonthecompletionofsettlementonaloteasier.LaborExchangeacceptanceoftheprojecthandledimmediatelyaftercompletionofbillingprocessing.Completionofthecontractpricesettlementvalueisvalueofclaimsalreadyliquidateddamages.

AccordingtoFIDICtermsormodelofChina'sconstructioncontracttermsandtheactualtextoftheprovisionsofthetermsofthecontractissigned:

involvingconstructionclaimsandbreachofcontractissues,supervisionengineersmustclearlydefinetheresponsibilitiestominimizetheclaims,toreducetheclaimshouldnotethefollowing:

strengtheningcontractmanagement,improvethetermsofthecontract;beforeprojectsshouldbefullypreparedtowork;enhancethedesignofthereview,thetimelydetectionofproblemsinthedesigntoavoidtheconstruction.

Engineeringdesignchangesduetoclaimsarising;tostrengthenqualitymanagement,andstrengthenthequalityoftracking,toavoidorreducethecontractsampletestsorworksoutsidethereviewofclaimsarising;toimprovethequalityofsupervisionengineersfoundthatclaimsinatimelymanner.

Inshort,thesupervisionengineerinCostControloftheimportanceoftheroleandstatusisbeyondquesti