国际商务英语笔记.docx

国际商务英语笔记.docx

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国际商务英语笔记

L1InternationalBusiness

1.商务知识

1.1　majordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness

A.differencesinlegalsystem

B.differencesincurrencies

C.differencesinculturalbackground

D.differencesinnaturalandeconomicconditions

1.2majortypesofinternationalbusiness

A.trade

a.commodity（visible）trade

b.service（invisible）trade

B.investment

a.foreigndirectinvestment（FDI）

b.portfolioinvestment

stocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposits

C.othertypes

a.licensing（highcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarrier,strongintellectualpropertyprotection）

franchising（hotelandrestaurantbusiness）

Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicenser,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresuppoortforthefranchisee.

b.managementcontractandcontractmanufacturing

c.turnkeyprojectandBOT

L2IncomeLevelandtheWorldMarket

1.　商务知识

1.1GDPandGNP

A.GDPmarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.

B.GNPmarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.

1.2percapitaincomeandpercapitaGDP

1.3highincome,middleincomeandlowincomecountries

A.H:

annualpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove;

1）.OECD;2）.richoilproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast;3）.small-industrializedcountriesorregions;

B.M:

annualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765;

1）.mostEastEuropeancountries;2）.mostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates;3）.6OECDcountries;4）.quiteanumberofLatinAmericacountries;5）.someAsiancountries;6）.SouthAfrica,Libya,NigeriaandAlgeria;

C.L:

annualpercapitaincomeof$765andbelow;

1）.mostAfricancountries;2）.someAsiancountries;3）.afewLatinAmericancountries;

1.4TriadandQuad

A.Triad:

US,WesternEuropeandJapan

B.Quad:

TriadandCanada

1.5otherimportantmarketsforChina

theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandAustralia

L3RegionalEconomicIntegration

1商务知识

1.1majorobjectivesofregionalintegration

tobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources.

1.2fourlevelsofregionaleconomicintegration

A.freetradearea

absencetradebarriers;

theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement（NAFTA,formedbyUS,CanadaandMexico）;

B.customsunion

absencetradebarriers;practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;

SouthernConeCustomsUnion（Mercosur,formedbyArgentina,Brazil,ParaguayandUruguayin1991）;

C.commonmarket

absencetradebarriers;practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;freeproductionfactormobility;

theEuropeanCommunity（1967-1994,becameatruecommonmarketin1992）;

D.economicunion

absencetradebarriers;practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;freeproductionfactormobility;

integrationofthedomesticpolicies;

EuropeanUnion;

1.3EuropeanUnion（EU）

A.history

theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity（ECSC,1952）;

theTreatyofRome（1957,signedbyFrance,Germany,ItalyandtheBeneluxcountries）;

theEuropeanEconomicCommunity（EEC,1957-1967）;

theEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity（EURATOM,1957-1967）;

theEuropeanCommunity（formedbymergingECSC,EECandEURATOM,1967-1994）;

theSingleEuropeanAct（1992）;

theMaastrichtTreaty（1994）;

theEuropeanUnion（1994-）;

B.structure

theEuropeanCommission（executivebody）;

theCouncilofMinisters（decisionmaking）;

theEuropeanParliament（membershipapplicationandtradeagreementapproval）;

1.4Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation（APEC,has21members）

A.theSeoulDeclaration（1991）;

B.afive-layerorganizationalstructure:

theInformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders（China,2001）;

theDual-MinisterialMeeting;

theMeetingforMinistersResponsibleforTrade;

theSeniorOfficialsMeeting（SOM）;

CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSubcommitteeofSOM,andBudgetManagementCommittee（foursubordinatecommitteesunderSOM）;

C.objectives:

tradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation（TILF）andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation（ECOTECH）;

1.5OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries（OPEC,13members,1960,Vienna）

L4EconomicGlobalization

1.商务知识

1.1economicglobalizationasanobjectivetrend

A.basicfeature:

freeflowofcommodity,capital,technology,service,andinformationin

theglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation;

B.advantagesandnegativeimpacts

a.advantages:

1）.givingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopment;2）,makingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive;

b.disadvantage:

makingcountriesmorevulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrosstheglobe;

1.2multinationalcorporations

A.organization:

parentMNCandaffiliateMNC

B.characteristics:

1）.enormoussize;2）.widegeographicalspread;3）.longevityandrapidgrowth;

C.twobasicneeds:

profitandsecurity;

D.roles:

asvehiclesforcross-bordertransferofresources;

E.fourtypes

1）.multi-domesticcorporation（decentralized）;

2）.globalcorporation（powerandresponsibilityconcentratedattheheadquarters）;

3）.transnationalcorporation（integratedinanindependentnetworkofaffiliates）;

4）.worldcompany（internationalized）

L5InternationalTrade

（1）

1.商务知识

1.1thedefintionofinternationaltrade

theexchageofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanoother.

1.2tworeasonsforinternationaltrade

A.theunevendistributionofnaturalresourcesamongcountries

B.internationalspecialization

1.3twotheoriesforinternationalspecialization

A.thetheoryofabsoluteadvantage

acommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources.

B.thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage

a.contentsofthetheory

evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.

b.notastaticconcept

Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactions.

c.thecornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade

d.DavidRicardo,theeconomistwhointroducedthetheory

L6InternationalTrade

（2）

1.商务知识

1.1otherbasesfortradeamongcountries

A.patternsofdemand

B.economyofscale

C.innovationorstyle

1.2thereasonswhycompletespecializtionmayneveroccur

A.strategicordomesticreasons

B.transportcost

C.protectionistmeasures

1.3tariffbarriers--themostcommonformoftraderestriction

ataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea.

A.exportduty（taxleviedongoodsleavinganarea）

B.importduty（taxleviedongoodsenteringanarea）

a.specificduty

b.advaloremduty

c.compoundduty

C.drawback:

dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarereturnedifthegoodsarereexported.

D.MFNtreatment:

atarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoall

signatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.

1.4quotas--themostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers

inquantityorvalumeterms,onacountryorglobalbasis,unilaterallyorbenegotiatedon"voluntary"basis

1.5invisibletrade

A.transportationserviceacrossnationalboundaries

maritimeshipsisthemostimportantmeans（GreeceandNorwayhavelargemaritimefleets）

B.insurance（Lloyd'sofLondonisaleadingexporterofthisservice）

C.tourism

D.immigrantremittance:

themoneysentbacktohomecountriesbypeopleworkinginaforeignland

L7Incoterms2000

1.商务知识

1.1theneseeityandpurposeofhavingIncoterms

1）.toeliminateanyofmisunderstandingandsubsequentdispute;

2）.toprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonly

usedtradetermsinforeigntrade.

1.2thereasonsforthe2000revisionofIncoterms

A.spreadofcustoms-freezones

B.changesintransportationpractices

C.increaseduseofelectroniccommunication

1.3thefourgroupsofInsoterms

A.GroupE:

thesellermakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller'sownpremises;

EXW（ExWorks）;

B.GroupF:

theselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstocarrierappoinedbythebuyer;

FCA（Freecarrier）;

FAS（FreeAlongsideShip）;

FOB（FreeOnBoard）;

C.GroupC:

thesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch;

CFR（CostandFreight）;

CIF（Cost,InsuranceandFreight）;

CPT（CarriagePaidTo）;

CIP（CarriageandInsurancePaidto）;

D.GroupD:

thesellerhasbearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstothecountryofdestination;

DAF（DeliveredAtFrontier）;

DES（DeliveredExShip）;

DEQ（DeliveredExQuay）;

DDU（DeliveredDutyUnpaid）;

DDP（DeliveredDutyPaid）

1.4thethreemostcommonlyusedterms

A.FOB（freeonboard）

B.CFR（costandfreight）

C.CIF（cost,insuranceandfreight）

1.5chandgestosomeareas

A.thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;

B.theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA;

L8BusinessContract

1.商务知识

1.1thedefinitionofthecontract

anagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantparties.

1.2twotypesofbusinessnegotiation:

oralandwritten

1.3processofnegotiationandconclusionofthecontract

A.inquiry（enquiry）

afirstenquiryshouldcontent:

1）.howthenameandaddressoftheexporterhavebeenabtained;2）.thebusinesslineandusualpracticeoftheimporter;

B.quotation

afirmoffershouldmadeof:

1）.thetimeofshipmentandthemodeofpaymentdesired;

2）.anexactdescriptionofthegoods;3）.thevalidityperiod;

C.offerandacceptance

D.counter-offer

acounter-offermaybemadeinrelationto:

1）.price;