精高中英语语法所有定语从句考点.docx
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精高中英语语法所有定语从句考点
高中英语语法-所有定语从句考点
概念
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任,也可以由一个句子来充当,充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。
定语从句“三要素”
1.先行词:
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词
①指人的先行词
②指物的先行词
★先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。
Hehaspassedthedrivingtest, which surprisesallofus.(which替代前面所叙述的事情)先行词
2.关系词:
引导定语的词
(1)关系词的作用
①替代前面的先行词(替代作用)
②连接主句和定语从句(连接作用)
③在定语从句中作句子成分(成分作用)
(2)关系词的分类
①标准:
根据关系词在从句中做的句子成分种类
②关系代词:
在从句中做主,宾,表,定(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)
③关系副词:
在从句中作状语(When/where/why)
3.定语从句:
用来做定语,修饰限定先行词的句子
定语从句的分类
1.限制性定语从句:
对先行词起限定修饰作用。
Heisateacher who worksatourschool.
2.非限制性定语从句:
对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开)
Beijing, which isthecapitalofChina,isabeautifulcitywithalonghistory.
比较:
Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.
(Hehasonlytwosons.)
Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.
(Perhapshehastwomoresons)
定语从句的10个难点
1.关系代词的省略(限定性定语从句)
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语
Sheisthegirl(whom/that) Ilovedbefore.(可以省略whom/that)
(2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语
Heisnolongertheboy(that) heusedtobe.(可以省略that)
(3)关系代词作介词宾语,介词在从句句尾时可以省略
Housingpriceisaproblem (that/which)peopleareinterestedin.
比较:
Housingpriceisaproblem inwhich peopleareinterested.(此时只能用which且不能省略)
2.先行词是人(that/who的区别)
(1)用that的情况
①以疑问词who开头的句子中
Whoistheman that isshoutingthere?
②关系代词在从句中作表语时
Sheisnotthegirl that sheusedtobe.
③先行词被thevery,theright,theonly修饰
Thisistheveryperson that wearelookingfor.
(2)用who的情况
①先行词是one,ones,anybody,all,none,those等
Those who wanttogotothecinema willhavetowaitatthegateoftheschool.
②句子中有两个定语从句,一个用了that,另外一个用who
Whoistheboy that wonthegoldmedal?
③在therebe结构中
Therearemanyyoungmen who areagainsthim.
④在非限定性定语从句当中
Tom, who ismybestfriend, hasgoneabroadtostudy.
3.先行词是物(that/which的区别)
(1)用which的情况
①在非限定性定语从句中
Shelostthegame, which depressedhergreatly.
②关系词置于介词之后,作宾语
Thepen withwhich youwrite isJack’s.
③先行词是that或定语从句中套定语从句,一个关系词用that,另一个用which.
Letmeshowyouthenovel that Iborrowedfromthelibrary which isnewlyopentous.
(2)用that的情况
①先行词是不定代词如all,little,few,much,anything,everything,nothing,none,noone等
Shedidall that shecould tohelpus.
②先行词被all,every,no,some,little,much,theonly,hevery,theright,thelast等所修饰时
Thisistheverybook that Iwant.
③先行词中既有人又有物时
Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandheplaces that impressedhermost.
④先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
Thisisthebestbook that Ihaveeverread.
Thisisthefirstfilm that I’veseen sinceIcamehere.
⑤定语从句中套定语从句,其中一个关系词以用which,另外一个用that
Hebuiltafactory which producedthings that hadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑥当主句的主语是疑问词which,另一个用that
Whoistheperson that isstandingatthegate?
4.As引导定语从句用法
(1)As既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以用于非限定性定句中充当主语,宾语,表语等。
常用于以下句型当中:
Such/so…..as….像…..一样thesame….as…和…...同样的
Acomputeris so usefulamachine as wecanuseeveryday.
Heisnot thesame man as hewas.
(2)引导非限制性定语从句,此时译为“正如,像”等。
可以放在句首,句中或句末。
AsIremember,therewereanetbarhere.
TaiwanisaninseparablepartofChina,asisknowntoall.
★thesameas...和thesamethat...引导定语从句的区别
Thisis thesame bike that Ilostyesterday. (同一事物)
Thisis thesame bike as Ilostyesterday.(同类事物)
5.关系副词的运用
(1)When在定语从句中做时间状语,先行词为表示时间的time,day等
Istillremembertheday when IfirstcametoBeijing.(when=onwhich)
(2)Where在定语从句中做地点状语,先行词为表地点的place,spot等
Canyoutellmetheoffice where heworks?
(where=inwhich)
(3)Why在定语从句中做原因状语,先行词只有reason.
Idon’twanttolistentoanyreason why youwereabsent.
(why=forwhich)
★关系副词=相应的介词+关系代词
★Where引导的定语从句还可以修饰抽象空间的名词如case(情形),situation,position(位置),stage(阶段),point(地步)等
Whatarethesituations where bodylanguage istheonlyformofcommunication?
在哪些情况下身体语言是唯一的沟通方式。
(此时where=inwhich)
6.几个特殊的先行词
(1)way在定语从句中做状语时的三种引导方式that/inwhich/不填
Theway inwhich/that/不填 heexplainsthesentencetousisquitesimple.
比较:
Thewaywhich/that/不填hetoldtouswasquitesimple.
★way在定语中作tell的宾语
(2)先行词time
time表示“次数”时,用关系代词that引导定语从句
Thisisthefirsttime that thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.
time作“一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when
Thiswasthetime when therewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets
★此时when=duringwhich在..期间
(3)先行词reason当在定语从句中作状语时,定语从句的4种引导方式why/forwhich/that/不填
Thisisthereason why/forwhich/that/不填 hecannotcomehere.
比较:
Isthisthereasonthat/which/不填heexplainedtousforhisabsencefromtheconference.
★reason在定语从句中做explain的宾语
7.介词+关系代词
★该结构的关系代词只有两种即介词+which(指物)介词+whom(指人)
★该结构介词的选用原则:
(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配
Thisisthebook onwhich Ispent$8.
Thisisthebook forwhich Ipaid$8.
(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯
Irememberthedays duringwhich Ilivedthere.
Iremembertheday onwhich Igraduatedfromuniversity.
(3)根据整个句子所表达的意思来决定
Thecolorlessgas withoutwhich wecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.
(4)英语中为了强调某一名词,不定式前面也可以加上关系代词。
Hereisthemoneywithwhichtobuythepiano.
Sheistherightpersononwhomtodepend
注意:
①如果介词后移,关系代词可以省略
Theperson(whom/who/that)youwillwritetoisTodd.
②有些含有介词的动词短语介词不能提前如lookfor/after;takecareof;sendfor;hearfrom/of/aboutdealwith等
Thisisthebabythatyouwilllookafter.
8.定语从句的主谓一致
(1)当先行词是oneof+复数名词,定语从句的位于动词要用复数形式
TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildings that drawlotsofvisitoreveryyear.
(2)当先行词是theonly+oneof+复数名词,从句谓语用单数形式
TheGreatWallistheonlyoneofthebuildingsontheearth that isseenfromthemoon.
(3)先行词如果是整个句子,定语从句的谓语动词用单数
GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina, as isknowntoall.
Hehaspassedthedrivingtest, which surprisesallofus.
9.定语从句的转化
定语从句可以转换为–ing或-ed形式
Thegirl (whois)dancingnow justreturnedfromTaiwan.
Ilovethestories (whichwere)writtenbyHemingway.
Theman (whostands)standingthere ismyfriend.
10.定语从句的解题方法
(1)判断从句是否为定语从句(先行词,关系词,定语从句)
(2)准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、宾、表、定、状)从而正确选定使用关系代词或关系副词
注意:
①关系代词whose的用法。
Whose在定语从句中做定语。
当先行词是人:
whose=the+名词+ofwhom
当先行词是物:
whose=the+名词+ofwhich
Doyouknowtheboywhoseparents/theparentsofwhomareonholiday?
I’dlikearoomwhosewindow/thewindowofwhichfacesthesea.
②That引导定语从句,名词性从句和强调句型的区别:
定语从句中的that:
关系代词,在后面的定语从句中做句子成分。
名词性从句中的that:
从属连词,只起连接主从句的作用,在从句中不做句子成分。
强调句中的that,运用于itis/was…that..结构;判断标准:
去掉强调句型结构,成分仍然完整。
比较:
ThisisthebookthatIamlookingfor.
(that引导定语从句)
ItisatBashumiddleschoolthatIhavestudiedforthreeyears.
(that和前面的itis构成强调句型)
Thefactthathestolethemoneysurprisedallofus.
(that引导名词性从句--同位语从句)
Thathewillcometotheconferencehasexcitedallofus.
(that引导名词性从句--主语从句)
Weallexpectthattheywin,formembersoftheirteamarestronger.
(that引导名词性从句--宾语从句)
Thereasonforyourfailureisthatyoulackconfidenceinyourself.
(that引导名词性从句--表语从句)