传染病题库英文题目及答案.docx

传染病题库英文题目及答案.docx

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传染病题库英文题目及答案

INTRODUCTIONOFCOMMUNICABLEDISEASES

I.TERMS

1）Overtinfection

Itindicatesthatafterthemicroorganismentersthehost,itnotonlyinducestheimmuneresponsesofthehostbutalsoproduceshisomorphologicaldamageandpathologicalchangesthroughtheroleofthemicroorganismortheallergicreactionofthehost.Inmostinfectiousdiseasesuchasmeaslesmostinfectedhostmanifestedasovertinfection.Afterovertinfectionendsthemicroorganismcanbeeliminatedandthehostsacquittedconsolidatedimmunity.Insomeinfectiousdiseases（suchasbacillarydysentery）theimmunityistemporary.Asmallamountofovertlyinfectedhostschangetocarrierstate.Itiscalled“convalescentcarrier”.

2）Incubationperiod

Thisperiodisfrompathogensinvadingintohumanbodytoclinicalsymptomsappearing.Theincubationperiodofallinfectiousdiseaseshasalimitofthetime（theshortestandlongest）andanormaldistribution.Itisanimportantevidenceofobserving,detectingthecontactinquarantinework.Itisusuallyequaltothewholeperiodincludingthepathogenreproduction,transference,location,tissuedamageandfunctionchangesbeforetheclinicalsymptomstooccur.Theperiodlengthisnegativerelationwiththeinvadingquantityofthepathogens.Ifthepathophysiologicchangesarecausedbytoxins,theincubationperiodrelateswiththetimeofthetoxinsproductionanddistribution,e.g.bacterialfoodpoisoning.Thetoxinshavebeenproducedbeforeeating.Theperiodcanbeshorttoafewhours.Theperiodofrabiesdeterminestothelocationofvirusentry（wound）.Ithasapositiverelationwiththedistanceofthewoundtothecentralnervoussystem. 

3）Latentinfection

Whenthemicroorganisminfectedthehostandlocalizedinsomeareaofthehost,itcanlatentlyforalongtimebecausethehostsimmunityisstrongenoughtolocatethepathogenbutcanwipesitout.Whenthehostsimmunitydecreased,overtinfectioncanoccurs.Suchlatentinfectioniscommoninsomediseases,e.g.herpessimplex,herpeszoster,malaria,tuberculosisetc.Generallythemicroorganismcannotbeexcretedduringlatentinfection,whichisadifferentpointfromcarrierstate.Notthateveryinfectiousdiseaseshaslatentinfection. 

4）Sourcesofinfection

Themicroorganismsareabletogaintoaccesstothepersonoranimal,establishitselfandproliferateinvivoandexcretepathogenoutsidethebody,suchaspatients,thepersonofcovertinfection,pathogencarriersandinfectedanimals. 

5）Relapse

Afterthepatienthasenteredconvalescentperiod,thetemperaturehasrecoveredtonormalforaperiodoftime,thenthepathogenhiddeninsometissuereproducetoacertaindegreeandmaketheprimarysymptomsrepeatedly,itiscalled“relapse”. 

6）Recrudescence

Intheconvalescentperiodofsomepatients,thetemperaturehasnotstablydecreasedtonormalandthefeverriseagain,itiscalled“recrudescence”.

 7）Zoonoses

Somenaturalecologicenvironmentissuitabletothetransmissionofinfectiousdiseasesamongwildanimals.Thesediseasesincludeplaguetsutsugamushidisease,leptospirosis,andsoon.Thehumanracemaybeinfectedwhenhegetintotheseareas.Thesediseasesarecalled“zoonoses”. 

II.QUESTIONS

1）Pleasebrieflydescribethemanifestationsofinfectiousdiseases（infectionspectrum）.

Infectiousprocessstartswhenmicroorganismsenterthehumanhostthroughvariousways.Whetherthemicroorganismiseliminatedorcolonizedinthehost,itismainlydependentonthepathogenicityofthepathogenandtheimmunefunctionofthehost.

i.Pathogeniseliminatedbyhostimmunity:

Afterthemicroorganismentersthehostitcanbewipedoutbynon-specificimmunity,anderadicatedoreliminatedbyspecificimmunitywhichthehosthasgotbeforetheinfectiousprocess.

ii.Covertinfection:

Itreferstothatthemicroorganismonlymakingthehostproducingspecificimmuneresponsenothavinghistomorphologicaldamageorevenhavingmildfeatureafteritentersthehost.Clinically,thereisnoanysymptomsandsignsoranybiochemicalchanges.

iii.Overtinfection:

Itindicatesthatafterthemicroorganismentersthehost,itnotonlyinducestheimmuneresponsesofthehostbutalsoproduceshisomorphologicaldamageandpathologicalchangesthroughtheroleofthemicroorganismortheallergicreactionofthehost.

iv.Carrierstates:

Itisdividedintoviruscarrierandbacteriacarrieraccordingtodifferentpathogens.Allcarrierstateshaveacommoncharacteristicthatisnoclinicalmanifestationbutthemicroorganismcanbeexcretedduringthestate.

v.Latentinfection:

Whenthemicroorganisminfectedthehostandlocalizedinsomeareaofthehost,itcanlatentlyforalongtimebecausethehostsimmunityisstrongenoughtolocatethepathogenbutcannotwipeitout.Whenthehostsimmunitydecrease,overtinfectioncanoccurs.

2）Pleasebrieflydescribethefactorsrelatedtothepathogenicityofthepathogenintheinfectiousprocess.

i.Invasiveness:

Itreferstoitsabilitytoinvadethehostandspreadwithinthehost.

ii.Virulence:

Itincludesthetoxinsandvariousenzymes.

iii.Numberofthepathogen:

Thenumberofinvadingpathogenispositiverelationwiththepathogenicityinthesameinfectiousdisease.Theleastnumberofthepathogentoinducediseasediffergreatlyindifferentdiseases.

iv.Variability:

Pathogenscanproducevariationduetoenvironmentalandhereditaryfactors.Generallyspeaking,undertheenvironmentofartificialculture,thepathogenicityofthepathogenwilldecrease.Therepeatedspreadbetweenthehostswillincreasethepathogenicityofthepathogen.Theantigenicvariationofthepathogenwillmakethepathogenescapeformthespecificimmunityofthehostandcontinueinducethedisease.

3）Pleasebrieflydescribethebasiccharacteristicsofinfectiousdiseases.

i.Pathogen:

Everyinfectiousdiseaseiscausedbyaspecificpathogenincludingmicroorganismandparasite.Inhistorymanyinfectiousdiseaseswerefirstunderstoodbytheirclinicalmanifestationsandepidemiologicfeatureandthenthepathogenwasfound.

ii.Infectivity:

Infectivitymeansthatthepathogencanbeexcretedtocontaminatethesurrounding.Itisthemaindistinctionbetweentheinfectiousdiseasesandotherinfection.Everyinfectiousdiseasehasconsiderablyastableinfectiveperiod,whichcanbeusedasaruletoisolatethepatient.

iii.Epidemiologicfeature:

Undertheinfluenceofnaturalandsocialfactorstheinfectiousprocessmanifestatesvariouscharacteristics.Itcanbedividedintotheexoticityandtheendemicity.Italsocanbedividedintosporadic,epidemicandpandemic.Thedistributionoftheincidenceoftheinfectiousdiseaseintime（seasonaldistribution）,inspace（regionaldistribution）anddifferentpopulations（age,sex,andoccupation）isalsoanepidemiologicfeature.

iv.Postinfectionimmunity:

Thehostcanproducespecificprotectiveimmunitywhichisdirectedatthepathogenoritsproductsafterthehostwasinfectedbythepathogen.Postinfectionimmunitybelongstoactiveimmunity.Thelastingtimeofpostinfectionimmunityvarieswithdifferentinfectious.

VIRUSHEPATITISB

I.TERMS

1）Daneparticle

ThecompleteHBViscalledDaneparticle.The42-nmDaneparticleismadeupofanoutershell7nmthick,containingthehepatitisBsurfaceantigen,glucoproteinandcellularfat,andaninnercore28nmindiameter,whichpossessesitsownspecificantigen,thehepatitiscoreantigen（HBcAg）.TheDaneparticlecorecanbebrokendownbytreatmentwithdetergenttorevealaDNApolymeraseandadoublestrandedcircularDNAgenomethatcanserveasaprimarytemplateinvitrofortheDNApolymerase. 

2）Windowphase

Anti-HBcIgMpersists6to18months,sorepresentsanacuteresponsetoanewlyinfectionofHBVinacutecaseswhohaveclearedtheHBsAgbuthavenotdemonstrateddetectableamountsofanti-HBs,anti-HBcandanti-HBecanbedetectable,theserologicgapiscalledwindowphase.Inthiscase,anti-HBcIgMmaybetheonlyevidencefordiagnosinganacuteHBVinfection. 

3）HBsAg

ItstandsforHepatitisBsurfaceantigen.ItiscodedfortheproteinoftheviralenvelopebytheSgene.TherearefourantigenicsubtypesofHBsAg.Theyareadr,adw,ayr,andayw.HBsAgisnon-infectiousitself,butHBsAg-positivebloodshouldbeconsideredpotentiallyinfectiousbecauseitmaycontaincompleteHBV（Daneparticles）. 

4）ChronicHBsAgcarrier

SomepersonsinfectedwithhepatitisBvirusdevelopmildchronicinfectionstatethatisasymptomaticandnotassociatedwithanysignificantliverfunctiontestsabnormalityexceptpersistentserumHBsAg-positivemorethan6months.However,liverbiopsyrevealsthatonlyaminorityofthemiswithnormalhistology;andthemajoritycasespresentmorphologicliverdamageinvaryingdegrees,rangingformminimalinflammation,chronicpersistenthepatitis,chromicactivehepatitis,orevencirrhosis. 

5）HBVDNA

HepatitisBvirus（HBV）containsasmallcircularDNAmoleculethatispartiallydouble-stranded,theDNAconsistsofalongstrand（L）ofconstantlength（3,200bases）inallmoleculesandashortstrand,whichvariesinlengthbetween1,700-2,800basesindifferentmolecules.ADNApolymeraseactivityinthevirionrepairsthesingle-strandedmoleculesof3,200basespairs.ThefouropenreadingframesoftheHBVaretermedS,C,PandX. 

II.QUESTIONS

1）PleasebrieflydescribetheregionsoftheHBVgeneandtheproteintheycodefor.

ThefouropenreadingframesoftheHBVaretermedS,C,PandX.TheSregioncodesfortheproteinoftheviralenvelopeandisdividedintotheSgene,pre-S1regionandpre-S2region.TheCgenecodesforthecoreprotein.ThePregion,codesfortheviralDNApoly