AP环境科学考前终极知识点总结.docx
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AP环境科学考前终极知识点总结
Pollution
«Dose-respOnSeanalysis:
exposetoatoxinatdifferentConCentratiOnS
HighLD50meanslowtoxicity
Poison:
LD50of50mgorlessPerkgofbodyWeight
ED50:
50%showsnegativeeffect
ThreSholddose
«Acuteeffect
Chroniceffect
oInfection:
resultofaPathOgen病菌inVadingbody
PathOgens
Viruses,bacteria,fUngi,protozoa原生动物,ParaSitiCworms
VeCtor:
ticksSPreadSPOttedfever
Pollutants
Primary:
Co
Secondary:
acidrain(SO2+SO3+waterVaPor),PANS
Criteriapollutants
CO:
bindsirreversiblytohemoglobin
Pb:
smelting
O3:
goodathigh
NO2:
COmbUStiOnengines--smog,acidPreCiPitatiOn
SO2:
COmbUStiOnOfcoal,smelting
Particulates:
soot,SUIfateaerosols
Indoorpollutants
VOC:
drycleaning,carpet,furniture;formO3andsmog
TObaCCOsmoke
Radon:
lungcancer;emittedbyUraniUm
Smog
AidedbyairinVerSions(trappollutants)andfog(holdpollutants)
Industrialsmog(gray)andphotochemicalsmog(brown)
CFC:
propellants,fireextinguishers,hairspray--depletesOZone
MontrealProtocol
Ozoneloss:
greatestinSPringasClbreaksdownO3intoO2
ACidrain
CaICiUmactsasbuffertoacidPreCiPitation
CleanAirAct:
establishedcap-and-tradePrOgramforSO2in1990
NationalAmbientAirQUaIityStandards
CataIytiCConVerter:
ControlemissiOnSinCarS
CorporateAVerageFuelEConomy(CAFE)
Anthropogenicgreenhousegas:
CO2,CH4,N2O
TemPeratUreinVerSion
HyPOXiCZone(depletiOnOf02)CaUSedbyeutrophicatiOn
JUdgeWaterquality
PH
Hardness:
ConCentratiOnSofCaICiUmandmagnesium
Dissolvedoxygen:
WarmWater=lessDO
TUrbidity
BOD:
ratebacteriaabsorbOfromWater
DealWWaSteWater
SIUdgePrOCeSsor:
tankfilledWaerobiCbacteria;SIUdgefUrtherPrOCeSSedWanaerobiCbaCteria--PrOdUCeSCH4thatCanbeUSedasfUeltorUnthetreatmentPIant;SIUdgeCakeUSedasfertilizer
Tertiarytreatment:
PaSSSeCOndarytreatedWaterthrUSandandCarbOnfiltersandthenchlorination
ReCyCIing
Primary:
SamePrOdUCtS
SeCondary:
newPrOdUCtS
HaZardOUSWaSte
oCorrosive
oIgnitable
oReaCtiVe
oToxic
oDiSPOSedthrU
*InjeCtiOnWells,SUrfaCeimpoUndments(forIiqUidWaStethatevaporates),landfills
TranSUranicWaste:
leftoverfromnUclearWeaPons
ReSOUrCeConSerVatiOnandReCOVeryACt
High-levelradioactiveWastes:
bUryUndergrOUndinremoteareas
SUPerfUndPrOgraminRockyFlats
LoveCanal:
landfill
oCap-and-tradepolicy:
economicincentivesforlimitingemissiOnS
oMarketPermitS
ReIatiOnships
ReSerVOir
EXChangepool
WherenUtrientsSitforalongtime
WherenUtrientsSitforashorttime
--Residencytime
OCean,snow,ice
oLaWofConSerVationofMatter
TraCeelements(Zinc,copper,irOn)arerequiredbyIiVingthingsthatcycle,alongWmajorelements
Watercycle
EVaPOration:
fromearth'sSUrfaCeandfromIivingorganiSmS
TranSPiration:
plants
Carboncycle
ReSPiration:
animalsandplants
PhotoSynthesis
WayStoreleaseCarbOn
BUrnOffossilfuels
Volcano
Reservoirs:
ocean,earth'srocks,fossilfuels
NitrOgencycle
NitrOgenfixation:
nitrogenbecomeammonia/nitratesthrulightningStOrmSorsoilbacteria(rhizobiuminIegUmeS)
NitrifiCation:
soilbacteriaconVertSammonium(NH4+)intonitrate(NO3)
ASSimiIation:
plantsabsorbNH3,NH4+,NO3-.Heterotrophs(organismsreceiveenergyby
COnSUmingotherorganiSmS)obtainnitrogen
AmmOnification:
decomposingbacteriaconVertdeadorganiSmStoNH3orNH4+that
Canbereused
Denitrification:
ammoniaconVertedtonitritesandnitratesandtoN2/N2Othatriseto
atmosphere
PhOSPhOrUScycle
Foundinsoil,rock,Sediments;releasedthruChemiCaIWeatheringintheformof
PhOSPhate;limitingfactorforplantgrowth
SUIfUr
Needinplants'andanimals'diets
InrocksandSandSanddeepintheocean
WayStoenteratmosphere
Volcano,bacterialfunCtions,decayofOnCe-IiVingorganiSmS
IndustriaI:
SO2andH2Sgases
oAutotrophs/heterotrophs
ProdUCerS
Chemotrophs:
ChemOSynthesis--makefoodfrominorganicChemiCaISinanaerobic
environments
NetPrimaryPrOdUCtiVity(NPP)--amountofenergyplantsPaSStoherbivores,calculatedby[GrossPrimaryPrOdUCtiVity(amOUntofSUgarplantsPrOdUCeinphotosynthesis)-amountofenergyplantsneedforgrowth...]
NPP:
IimitingfactorforthenumberofconSUmerS
ConSUmerS
Primary
SeCondary
Tertiary
DetritiVores:
conSUmenonIiVingorganicmatterSUChasdeadanimals∕fallenIeaVeSDecomposers:
bacteriaandfungiabsorbnutrientsfromnonIiVingorganicmatterasplant,WaSteSoflivingorganisms,andCOrPSeS
BiOmagnification:
inCreaSingCOnCentrationoftoxinathighertrophiclevels
ECOSyStemS
BiOmeS
EcotOnes:
tranSitiOnalareaWheretwoecosystemsmeet
EcozOnes/ecoregions:
smallerregiOnSthatShareSimiIarPhySiCaIfeatures
AqUatiClifeZoneS
FreShWater
SaItWater
LaWofTolerance
oLaWoftheMinimum:
IivingorganiSmSwillcontinuetoliveUntiltheSUPPIyofmaterialsisexhausted
PhylogenetictreetomodelevolutiOn
SPeCiatiOn
Howevolutionworks
NatUraISeIeCtion
Geneticdrift:
accumulationofChangesinthefrequencyofalleles(VerSionsofagene)duetoSamPIingerrors
MiCrOeVolution
MaCrOeVolutiOn
EXtinctiOn
Biological
-Ecological:
sofewthatCannotPerfOrmecologicalfunction
-CommerCial/ecOnOmic
ComPetitiOn
Intraspecific:
SameSPeCieSCOmPete
Interspecific:
differentSPeCieSCOmPete
Gause'sPrinciple:
notwOSPeCieSCanOCCUPytheSameniCheattheSametime,OnehastO…
*RealizedniChe
♦FundamentalniChe--noCOmPetitiOn
PredatiOn
SymbiOtiCrelatiOnShiPS
MUtUaIistic:
Seaanemoneandclownfish
Commensalistc:
treesandepiphytes
Parasitism:
oneisharmedtheotherbenefits
EcologicalSUCCeSSiOn
Primary
SeCondary
CIimaXcommunity--balanceb/tabioticandbiotic
Pioneerspecies:
lichen
Edgeeffect:
greaterSPeCieSdiversityandbiologicaldenSityatboundaries
TheOryofIslandBiogeography:
numberofSPeCieSOn"island"isdeterminedbyimmigrationandextinCtion
PopulatiOn
oPopulatiOndispersion
Random
Clumping:
mostcommon
Uniform:
e.g.forests
BiOtiCpotential--theamountthatpopulationwouldgrowifUnIimitedresources
unpractical!
CarryingCaPaCity(K)
EXPOnential(Unrestricted)growth-JCUrVe
LOgiStiC(restricted)growth-SCUrVe
RePrOdUCtiVeStrategy
R-SeIected:
bacteria,algae,andprotozoa;reproduceearlyandoften
K-SeIected:
humans,lions,andcows;reproducelateandfewer
PopulatiOnCyCIeS
Boom-and-bust
♦Commonamongr-strategists
Predator-prey:
rabbitsandcoyotes
FaCtOrSinfluencepopulatiOngrowth
Density-dependent:
increasedPredation,COmPetition,toxicmaterials
Density-independent:
fire,storms,earthquakes
ACtUaIgrowthrate=(birthrate-deathrate)∕10
Birth/deathPer1000
Totalfertilityrate:
numberofChiIdrenawomanbearsduringIifetime
RePIaCementbirthrate:
2.5fordevelopingCoUntries
Age-StrUCtUrePyramidS/diagramsdescribepopulatiOnS
Pre-reproductive0-14
RePrOdUCtiVe15-44
Post-reproductive45+
DemOgraPhiCtranSitionmodel--PrediCtpopulatiOntrendSbasedonbirth/deathratesPre-industrialstate:
highbirthanddeathrates;enVirOnmentalresistance--harshlivingConditiOnS
TranSitiOnalstate:
highbirthandlowdeath
Industrialstate:
lowbirthanddeath;highgrowth
Postindustrialstate:
zerogrowth
Macronutrientsareneededinlargeamounts:
proteins,CarbOnhydrates,andfats
MiCronUtrients:
Vitamins,iron,andmineralsSUChasCa
HUngerVmalnutritionVUndernoUriShed
5massextinctions
SeCondHarVeStinUS:
redistributefoodthatwouldOtherWiSegotoWaSte
Urbansprawl:
emigratesfromCitytoSUbUrbS
I=PXAXT(Impact,population,affluence,technology)
ThreatenedVendangered
BiOdiVerSityhotspot:
ahighlydiverseregionthatfacesthreatsandhaslost70%of
VegetatiOn
LaWS
MarinemammalPrOteCtiOnact
EndangeredSPeCieSact
COnVentiononinternationaltrade∙∙∙
Energy
Potentialenergy
Kineticenergy
Radiantenergy/sUnIight
Netenergyyield:
thecostOfextraction,PrOCeSSing,andtranSPOrtatiOnandtheamount
OfUSefUIenergy
conVeCtion
ConductiOn
MOVementofheatedmatter
ThrUmatterfromPartiCIetoPartiCIe
FirStlawofthermodynamics:
energyCanonlybetransformed/transferred.E.g.photosynthesis
SmOke-StaCkSCrubbing
WetSCrUbbing:
transformSoXtoWaterpollutiOnissue/COmmerCiaIPrOdUCt(SUIfUriCacid)
Baghouse/cycloSCrUbbing:
likeVaCUUmcleaners
EIeCtrOStatiCfilters:
USeelectricChargetoattractdustPartiCUIateStometalSUrfaCeS
CoalgasificatiOnCanbeUSedtoremoveNOX,SOX,andPartiCUIateS
*Naturalgas
LargeStsource:
wetlands;SeCOndlargest:
IiVeStOCk
Explosions,difficulttotransport,pipes,energyinPUtforIiqUefying
StriPmining
Undergroundmining
RemOVaIofearth'sSUrfaCe
SinkofShaftStoreachdeposits
LeaVeSslagheapsContainingsulfur
CaUSeSmassiveSIUmPing/subsidence
NUCIearenergy17%
NOnrenewable
UraniUm-238;Uranium235SPIitSthrufission
BreederreactorsgeneratenewfissiOnablematerialsfasterthantheyConSUmeSUChmaterial
NUCIearfusion:
fusingtritium-2neutrOnSanddeuterium-1neutrOn
NUCIearreactorsinUS
*BoilingWaterreactor:
twoWaterCirCUIationSyStemS
*PressurizedWaterreactor:
three…
RenewableenergySOUrCeS19%
Biomass:
wood,charcoal,animalWaSteS
Gasohol:
90%gasolineand10%ethanol;hashigheroctane;expensiveand
energy-intenSiVetoPrOdUCe
HydrOeIeCtriCpower:
thermalpollution;dams;Sedimentstrapped;moreevaporationandWaterloss
Solarenergy
•Passivecollection
*Activecollection
PVcells:
PrOdUCedUSingfossilfuels
Wind