广中医博士口语试题答案.docx

广中医博士口语试题答案.docx

《广中医博士口语试题答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《广中医博士口语试题答案.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

广中医博士口语试题答案

QuestionsforPhDstudentsin2016

1.Shouldacountrygivefreemedicalcaretoitscitizens?

1．Agovernmentshouldprovidemedicalcareforfreebecauseitistherightforallindividuals.Everyonehastherighttolive,toreceivehelptosurvive.Imaginethepoorpeoplecan’taffordevenfortheirfoodanddailyneed,whatwilltheyabletodosavetheirlifewhenfacingdisease.Evensuchsmalldiseaseslikecoldandcoughmaketheirlifeharder,whathappenswhencancerorsomeotherseriousdiseasesoccur?

Tosolvethatproblem,governmentistheanswer.Somepeoplesaycitizenshouldtaketheirresponsibilitynottoleavethegovernmentwithmorepressureanddifficulty.Iremindthemthatcitizenpaytaxestopaygovernmentworkandspendmoneyfortheirhealthinsurance,theyareobligedtogethelpthroughthehardtime.Thegovernment’sresponsibilityistoitspeople-theireducation,theirsafety,especiallytheirhealth.

2.Whyisitimportanttofollowproperprocedureswhenperformingamedicalexperimentorexamination?

2.Beforebeginninganymedicalexperimentorexaminationinalab,themostimportantthingistofollowproperprocedures.Followingproperproceduresusuallyhasmanybenefitssuchasfollowing.Firstofall,itprotectsourpersonalsafetyagainstbeingthreated,suchasnotbeinginfectedornotsufferingfromskinirritation.What’more,followingtheproperproceduresalwaysleadtoaclearandaccuracyexperimentalresultthannot.Lastbutnotleast,almosteachofexperimentsshouldpassthoughtheethicalreviewespeciallystudiesinhuman,whichbecomesacommonstepmustbefollowedintheproceduresnowadays.Notfollowingproperproceduresmaycausemanydamageevencan’tberecognizedimmediately.Firstly,thosewhodonotfollowproperproceduresusuallyhavemorechancestobeexposedindangerofcontactexplosivesubstanceorirritation.Someinjurieswereimmediatelyappeared,however,someonlyshowedupaslateasmanyyearswent.Then,withoutfollowingproperprocedures,theexperimentalresultsusuallycan’tbeidentifiedascomingfromtheexperimentortheerrorimpacts.Finally,suchexperimentsthatwithoutpassingethicalcommitteeusuallycauseseveremedicaldisputes.Allinall,itissoimportanttofollowingproperprocedureswhenperformingthemedicalexperimentorexamination.

3.Whyarepeoplegivenvaccinations?

Howdovaccinationswork?

3.Itisthesafestandmosteffectivewayofgivingprotectionagainstmanydiseases.Aftergivenvaccination,peoplearefarlesslikelytocatchdiseasesiftherearemanycasesaroundthem.Thebenefitsofprotectionagainstdiseasesfaroutweightheverysmallrisksofvaccinations.Ifenoughpeopleinthecommunityaregivenvaccinations,theinfectioncannolongerbespreadfrompersontopersonandthediseasediesoutaltogether.Whenapersonisvaccinated,theirbodyproducesanimmuneresponseinthesamewaytheirbodywouldafterexposuretoadisease,butwithoutthepersonsufferingsymptomsofthedisease.Whenapersoncomesincontactwiththatdiseaseinthefuture,theirimmunesystemwillrespondfastenoughtopreventthepersondevelopingthedisease.

4.Isitethicaltoscreenembryosfordisease?

4.Therearetwosidestothecoin,asfarasscreenembryosforgeneticdiseasesareconcerned.Firstofall,itisagoodthinfortheparentswhohavegeneticdiseasestohaveababywithoutgeneticdisease.Anewmethodthatwasdevelopedrecently,calledpre-implantationgenetichaplotyping（PGH）,allowsparentstodetectabout6,000geneticdiseasesanddecidewhethertheywouldkeepthebabiesatriskornot.Someofthediseasesthatcouldbedetectedandavoidedarecysticfibrosis,sicklecelldisease,spinalmuscularatrophy,andmusculardystrophy.However,thisnewlydevelopedmethodcarriesalotofdilemmas,especiallyethicaldilemmasaboutthepossibilityofchoosingtheembryosaswellasthechild’sgender.Screenembryoalwaysleadtomorethanoneembryobeingleft.Everyembryoisalife,screeningthebestembryoisequaltokillotherembryos,itisimmoral.

5.WhataresomedifferencesbetweenWesternmedicineandTraditionalChinesemedicine?

5.TCMandwesternmedicine,thetwosystemsdifferinmanyways.Iwillgivethreeexamples.First,thedefinitionofhealth:

westernmedicinefrequentlyattributessicknesstotheintrusionofaforeignelementsuchasbacteria,viruses,orcancercells,whileTCMoftenviewsillnessanimbalancebetweenthevariousbodilysystems.Second,themethodology,westernmedicinepridesitselfonusingscientificmethodology.Ittakesprecisemeasurements,performscarefullycontrolledexperiments,andusesclinicaltrials.Incontrast,TCMislargelyevidence-based.Itwasfoundedonpre-scientifictheoriesofcauseandeffect,andisdeeplyrootedintheOrientalnotionofopposites:

theyinandyang.Thelastisthediagnosisofdisease,amongthesignificantdifferencesintwosystemsisthemethodofassessingillness.Westerndoctorsexaminebodilyfluidsandtissues,andtheyusehigh-techinstrumentssuchasX-raysandCATscanstoproduceprecisevisualmapsoftheinternalorgans.TCMassessesillnesswithaltogetherdifferentkindsofmeasurements,namely“looking”,”listeningandsmelling”,“asking”and“touching”.

6.Islasereyesurgerysafe?

6.

7.Isdoctorassistedsuicideethical?

7.

8.Howmanyhoursshouldapersonsleeponaverageeverynight?

Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?

8.Apersonfunctionsbestshouldsleep7-8hoursonaverageeverynight.Andthesleeprequirementisrelevanttoperson’sage.Inotherwords,itisimportanttoconsiderhowmuchsleepyouneedonanindividualbasis,andthisvariesbaseduponmanyfactorssuchasthequalityofsleepobtained,stateofgeneralhealth,levelsofstress,orfatigueduetoprolongedexertion.However,arecentresearchstudyfoundthatsleepinglessthan6hoursormorethan9hoursadayhadanincreasedincidenceofdiabetes,comparedtothosewhoslept7-8hours.Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?

Westernmedicinesuggestsearlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy.Therearenumerousreasonsforthatsaying,suchasgoingtosleepearlyisveryimportantfortheliver’shealth,isgoodforourantibodysystem.However,traditionalChinesemedicineemphasizethatthetimetogotosleepandriseshouldbeadjustedtofollowthechangeofdifferentseasons.Forexample,peopleshouldgotosleepearlyintheeveningandriselateinthemorninginwinterinordertostoreenergyinourphysicalbody.

9.Whatorgansareaffectedbysmokingandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?

9.Theeffectsofsmokingareserious.Itcanharmnearlyeveryorganofbody.Thechemicalintobaccosmokeharmourbloodcellsanddamagethefunctionofourheart.Thisdamageincreasesourriskforatherosclerosis,coronaryheartdisease（CHD）,heartattack,stroke.Cigarettecoulddamageourbreathingandscarsourlungs.Smokingcauses:

chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease（COPD）,emphysema,chronicbronchitis,pneumonia.Smokingisasbadforoureyes.Researchhaslinkedsmokingtoanincreasedriskofdevelopingage-relatedmaculardegeneration,cataractandopticnervedamage,allofwhichcanleadtoblindness.Smokingisoneofmanyfactorsthatincreaseourriskforosteoporosis.Smokingcigaretteisthenumberoneriskfactorforlungcancer,andisknowntocause:

bladdercancer,bloodandbonemarrowcancer,cervicalcancer,kidneyandureteralcancers,esophagealcancer,laryngealcancer,trachealcancer,mouth,nose,andthroatcancer,stomachcancer,pancreaticcancerandsoon.

10.Whatorgansareaffectedbydrinkingalcoholandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?

10.Thealcoholcanharmnearlyeveryorganofthebodysuchasbrain,heart,liver,pancreas,stomach,andsoon.Alcohol-relateddisruptionstoneurotransmitterbalancealsocantriggermoodandbehavioralchanges,includingdepression,agitation,memoryloss.Long-termheavydrinkingweakenstheheartmuscle,causingaconditioncalled alcoholiccardiomyopathy.Aweakenedheartcannotpumpenoughbloodtonourishtheorgans.Insomecases,thisbloodflowshortagecausesseveredamagetoorgansandtissues.Symptomsofcardiomyopathyincludeshortnessofbreathandotherbreathingdifficulties,fatigue,swollenlegsandfeet,andirregularheartbeat.Itcanevenleadtoheartfailure.Chronicheavydrinkingcancausefattobuildupintheliver.Thisconditioncalledfattyliver,istheearlieststageofalcoholicliverdiseaseandthemostcommonalcohol-inducedliverdisorder.Theexcessivefatmakesitmoredifficultforthelivertooperateandleavesitopentodevelopingdangerousinflammations,like alcoholichepatitis.Itmayalsocausediseaseofpancreaslikeacutepancreatitis.

11.Doyoubelievemodernlifestylesandtechnologiesareleadingtohealthierpeople?

Whyorwhynot?

11.Therearetwosidestothecoin,asfarasmoderndaylifestylesareconcerned.Ontheonehand,technologyhassubvertedustoagreatextent,somuchsothatformanyofus,ourlifestylehasbecomesedentary.Asedentarylifestylecoupledwitharichfoodhabit,andhasmadeusallpronetodiseaseandillness.Thenumberofpeoplesuccumbingtocardiacailmentshasrisengreatly.Andobesitybringsalongwithhealthissuelikediabetes.Soinaway,themoderndaylifestylehasleftusmorepronetodisease.However,todaywearealsoawareoftheailmentsaroundus,andalsoaboutwhatneedstobedonetomitigatetheseailmentsandensurewedonotgetthem.Peoplearemoreawareoftheirbodiesandthedifferentthingsthatcouldgowrongwithit.Besides,fitnessisanewmantraamongtheyoungergenerationtoday,ensuri