法律英语复习重点.docx
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法律英语复习重点
Why
What
Tools
How
Additionaladvice&coursedescription
Arrangementofthetextbook
Home
Whattolearn?
TolearnandrefineyourownEnglish(扎实的基本功,法律语言句式复杂,长句多)
Acquirethelanguageoflaw
Acquireknowledgeofthebasiclegalconcepts
Somefeaturesoflegallanguage
commonwordswithspecialmeaning
OldandMiddleEnglishwords
Latinwordsandphrases
Frenchwords
Useofargot
Longsentence
WORDSLEGALMEANING
action 诉讼
Consideration 补偿/对价/约因
Counterpart 副本
executed 签名使契据生效
Hand 签字
Instrument 文件
eg.Legalinstrument:
legaldocument
(1)commonwordswithspecialmeaning
WORDSLEGALMEANING
Letters许可证
Party诉讼方、合同缔结方、当事人
Prayer 诉讼请求
Presents 本文件thislegaldocument
Said 上述的mentionedbefore
Eg.thesaidwitness该证人
Serve 送达
Specialty 盖印合同sealedcontract
Providefor 规定
Remedy 补救办法
(2)OldandMiddleEnglishwords
IfanyofthetermsorprovisionsofthisContractshallbedeclaredillegalorunenforceablebyanycourtofcompetentjurisdiction,thenthepartiesheretoagreetodoallthingsandcooperateinallwaysopentothemtoobtainsubstantiallythesameresultorasmuchthereofasmaybepossible,includingtheamendmentoralterationofthesepresents
若主管法庭宣布本合同任何条款或规定非法或无效,双方同意将尽最大努力采取一切可行措施,包括修改或更换合同,以取得大体相同或尽可能多的效益
herewords:
hereafter(此后、将来),hereby(籍此),herein(此中、此处),hereinafter(在下文),hereof,hereto
therewords:
thereby,thereof(因此),therein(在那里),thereon,thereto,theretofore,thereupon,therewith
aforesaid如前所述
said(usedasanadjective)
Such上述的
forthwith立刻
thence从那时起,thenceforth从那时起/其后
Wherewords:
whereby(由是、因此),whereof(关于它)
witness(usedinthesenseoftestimonybysignature,oath,etc.as“Inwitnesswhereof,Ihavesetmyhand,...”签字盖章,特此为证
witnesseth鉴于(meaningtoprovideformalevidenceofsomething,theOldEnglishpresentindicative,thirdpersonsingularverbform.)
(3)Latinwordsandphrases
alias别名,化名
Alibi不在犯罪现场的证明/不在犯罪现场一种辩护形式
bonafide善意/真诚的
versus
(4)Frenchwords
Action诉讼
Agreement协议
Appeal上诉
arrest
arson纵火
assault袭击
attorneys律师
battery殴打罪
bill法案、议案
claim索取
Condition条款
contract
evidence契约法、合同法
execution执行
guarantee担保物/抵押品
infant未成年人
judges
judgment审判
jurors陪审员
justice
(5)Useofargot
Thelanguageofthelaw,sometimesevenaparticularword,hasadualaspect.Lawyersuselanguagethatisintendedtospeaktolawyersandlaymen,asincontracts,juryinstructions,notices,andevenlaws.Lawyersalsouselanguagethatisintendedtospeakprimarilytoeachother,asinpleadings,opinions,argumentandintheday-to-daynegotiationanddiscussionthatisthelawyer'slife.Inthisaspect,aportionofthelanguageofthelawisARGOT,a'professionallanguage'.E.g.:
alleged有嫌疑的
case
causeofaction原告的起诉原由
damages损害赔偿
duecare应有注意
inferiorcourt下级法院
issueoffact关于事实的争论点
issueoflaw关于引用法律的争论点
pursuanttostipulation
reversedandremanded发回重审
superiorcourt高级法院
Anypersonwho,withoutlawfulauthorityorreasonableexcuse,whilehavingdealingsofanykindwithanyotherpublicbody,offersanyadvantagetoanypublicservantemployedbythatpublicbody,shallbeguiltyofanoffence.
任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时,无合法权限或合理理由而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供任何利益﹐即属犯罪。
●statuten.
制定法,联邦、州、市或县的立法机关均可制定,专指以立法形式创设的法律。
●legislation
立法;立法活动;制定法(总称)
●code:
法典n.
e.g.《美国统一商法典》(UniformCommercialCode,简称UCC)
●civillaw:
罗马法;罗马法系;大陆法系;民法法系
●commonlaw:
普通法;普通法系;判例法系
After-classassignment1:
Whatarethemajorlegalsystemsintheworldtoday?
Thedifferenceamongthem?
Explainwithin8mins.
Commonlaw普通法
Judge-madelaw法官制定的法
Precedent判例、先例(早些时候发生的案例,其判决结果可作为现在及将来类似案件的判决依据)
Civillawsystem大陆法
Precedent/previousjudicialdecisionisbindingandisconsideredasasourceoflaw(thedistinctivefeatureofcommon-lawsystem)
1.legislation
Parliament---thesupremelegislativeauthority(HouseofLords;HouseofCommons)
Britishlegislationincludes:
ActsofParliament(议会立法),subordinateordelegatedlegislation(授权立法),andCommunitylegislation(共同体立法)
ActsofParliamentarethesupremeformoflaw---thevalidityofwhichcannotbequestionedbyanyEnglishcourt
2.Courtsandtribunals
court法庭
tribunal裁判庭
arbitration仲裁
exercisev.执行、行使
CourtofAppeal上诉法庭
Courtoffirstinstance/Trialcourt初审法庭
thesupremecourt最高法院
3.judges
LordChancellor(英国上议院的)大法官
themostimportantjudgeinBritain
4.hearing
hearv.审理
adversarialprocedure辩论式诉讼程序
adversarysystem对抗制诉讼模式,此制度允许双方当事人为了获得有利于自己的判决而进行辩论,法官只能就辩论的范围以第三者的姿态加以决断。
其区别于大陆法系国家纠问制诉讼模式(inquisitorialsystem)
plaintiff原告
testimony证词
cross-examine交叉盘问,<律>向(对方证人)反询问
Self-reading:
p264-267
5.Legalprofession律师制度
Lawyer可以包括律师、检查官、法官、法学教师,亦可译为“法律人”
美国的律师通常称为attorney
英国的律师分为barrister和solicitor
barrister(英国有资格在高等法庭作辩护的)专门律师,出庭律师,大律师
solicitor的意思【英】初级律师(法律咨询,只能在低级法庭出庭的律师)
Barrister一词,源自英格兰法律,多用于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区,又称“大律师”、“巴律师”、“高级律师”、“出庭律师”、“辩护律师”、“专门律师”,指那些能在英国上级法院执行律师职务的律师。
Barrister(大律师),一般是精通某门法律或某类案件的专家。
他们不仅通过辩护为当事人提供法律服务,而且回答小律师们(solicitor)提出的疑难问题。
此外,大律师经过大法官的提名,可被授予皇家大律师(Queen’s counsel,也译为王室法律顾问,简称QC。
)的称号。
大律师还可被任命为高等法院法官和上诉法院法官。
由于大律师具有较高的社会地位,所以取得大律师资格的条件很严格:
第一,要受过一定的高等教育。
第二,必须参加一个大律师组织——四大法学院(即林肯律师学院、格雷律师学院、内殿律师学院和中殿律师学院),作为该院的学生,完成学术与职业训练,参加法学院内一定的餐会次数(Dining terms)。
第三,必须提交品格良好的证明书。
第四,法学院学习期满后,在有经验的大律师指导下,实习一年,签署入会誓言。
Solicitor一词源自英格兰法律,多用于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区,又称“小律师”、“沙律师”、“初级律师”、“撰状律师”、“诉讼律师”,在香港称为“事务律师”。
Solicitor是直接受当事人委托,在下级法院及诉讼外执行律师职务,为当事人提供多种法律服务的人。
Solicitor(小律师)的活动范围比大律师要广泛得多。
他们可以担任政府、公司、银行、商店、公私团体的法律顾问,可以在下级法院,如治安法院、郡法院和验尸官法院执行代理和辩护职务,还可以处理非诉讼案件,为当事人起草法律文书和解答一般法律问题。
课文中bar指律师。
Bar的意思最初是指法庭上那些用来隔离普通观众区与法官、律师、当事人及法庭官员保留区的栅栏,现转用来指“律师界”,是律师的总称。
它与thebench(法官)相对应。
ContractLaw
Basicstructure
Warm-upactivity
Essentialterms术语
Puttingthetermstouse术语运用
Whatiscontract什么是合同
FormsofContracts合同形式
ClausesofContracts合同条款
PrinciplesoftheContractLaw合同法原则
Howisacontractformed?
合同的缔结
Warm-up:
discussion
Workwithyourpartnerandlistatleast3exchangescoveredbycontracts,suchasthesaleofahouse.
Buyingacar;leasingacar;anemploymentcontract;takingavacation(thecontractbetweenyouandthehotelortravelagent);obtainingacreditcard.
Whatcommonelementsdosuchexchangeshave?
Twoormoreparties
Offer
acceptance
Essentialterms重要术语
Offer要约:
作为或不作为的许诺
Offeror要约人:
提出商品或服务要约的自然人或公司(卖方)
Offeree受要约人:
接受要约的自然人或公司(买方)
Acceptance承诺:
对要约条款和条件的接受
Puttingthetermstouse(术语的运用)
Readthefollowingcontractform---abillofsaleforautomobiles
BILLOFSALE
Dated:
_____,referredtoas“SELLER”,sells,bargainsandconveysallofSELLER’Srights,titleandinterestin:
Make:
______
Model:
_____
Styleofthevehicle:
____
Yearofvehicle:
_____
VehicleIdentificationNumber(VIN):
____
to_____,referredtoas“BUYER”,hisheirsandassigns.
…
Thepartiesagreetothetermsandconditionsstatedherein:
_____,SELLER(signature)
_____(typedname)
_______,BUYER(signature)
________(typedname)
出售单
日期:
——
——,即为“卖方”,出售、议价和转让下述车辆的权利和利益:
制造:
——
型号:
——
款式:
——
生产日期——
车辆确认号码:
——
给——,即“买方”,及其继承人和指定人。
……
双方同意上述条款:
——,卖方(签名)
————(打印的名字)
——,买方(签名)
————(打印的名字)
Whatiscontract
Anagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting
1.competentparties有法定资格的主体
2.legalsubjectmatter合法的标的
3.mutualityofagreement意思表示一致
4.mutualityofobligation互负责任
Competentparties
Haveappropriatecivilcapacityofrightandcivilcapacityofconduct
Havetheabilitytounderstandandagreetothetermsofthecontract
Mentallycompetent
Minorsareoftennotconsidered“competent”.
Kieferv.FredHoweMotors,Inc.
Ayoungman,technicallyaminor,boughtacar.However,hethendecidedthathedidn’tlikethecarandtriedtotakeitbacktothedealer.Thedealerwouldn’ttakethecarbackandrefundtheyoungman’smoneysotheyoungmansuedforrescission.Theyoungmanwon,andthedealerhadtogivehimbackhismoneybecauseacontractwithaminorisn’t(usually)valid
FormsofContracts
Acontractcanbeconcludedinwritten,oral,orotherforms
Writtenforms:
awrittencontractualagreement,letters,telegram,telex,fax,e-mails,etc.
Ifthereisawrittencontractsignedtogetherwithoneparty’soralcommitmentwhichcontainssometermsinconsistentwiththewrittencontract,thenwhich(thewrittencontract/oralcommitment)shouldbevalid?
Avideoclip
“Comeoninside,Alex,andwe’lltalkaboutwhatyouwantfordinner.”CanAlexinsistthathebeservedwhathewantsfordinnerbasedonthis“contract”?
agreeingtotalkaboutsomethingisnotthesamethingasmakingacontract
Alexandhisroommatehaveadeal.Alexpaysforthegroceries,andtheroommatecooks.Everydayforayear,Alex’sroommatehasaskedhimwhathewantedfordinnerandthenpreparedexactlythat.TonighttheroommatecookssomethingthatAlexhates.Alexisfuriousandthinkstheroommatehasviolatedthe“contract”.Doyouagree?
Why?
Therehasbeenacourseofdealingestablishedovertheyear
Caseanalysis
ClausesofContracts
1.titleornameanddomicileoftheparties
2.contractobject
3.quantity
4.quality
5.priceorremuneration
6.timelimit,placeandmethodofperformance
7.liabilityforbreachofcontract
8.methodstosettledisputes
PrinciplesoftheContractLaw
PrincipleofEquality
PrincipleofVoluntariness
PrincipleofGoodFaith
PrincipleofAbidingbytheLawsandRegulations,ObservingSocialEthicsandtheSocioeconomicOrder
Howisacontractformed?
Offer+acceptance=bonafidecontract.
Anoffer–adefinitepromiseorproposalmadebytheofferortotheoffereewiththeintentiontobeboundbysuchpromiseorproposalwithoutfurthernegotiation.
It’scontentsshouldbedetailedanddefinite.
e.g.“Igiveyou$100for[your]notsui