经典考研英语阅读常规体裁模板分析.docx
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经典考研英语阅读常规体裁模板分析
经典：
考研英语阅读常规体裁模板分析
Model1[生物学类]
题目序号
题型归类
第1题
审题定位题型
第2题
句间关系题型
第3题
审题定位题型
第4题
归纳推导题型
第5题
段落结构题型
Thefossilremainsofthefirstflyingvertebrates,thepterosaurs,haveintriguedpaleontologistsformorethantwocenturies.Howsuchlargecreatures,whichweighedinsomecasesasmuchasapilotedhang-gliderandhadwingspansfrom8to12meters,solvedtheproblemsofpoweredflight,andexactlywhatthesecreatureswere—reptilesorbirds—areamongthequestionsscientistshavepuzzledover.
Perhapstheleastcontroversialassertionaboutthepterosaursisthattheywerereptiles.Theirskulls,pelvises,andhindfeetarereptilian.Theanatomyoftheirwingssuggeststhattheydidnotevolveintotheclassofbirds.Inpterosaursagreatlyelongatedfourthfingerofeachforelimbsupportedawinglikemembrane.Theotherfingerswereshortandreptilian,withsharpclaws.Inbirdsthesecondfingeristheprincipalstrutofthewing,whichconsistsprimarilyoffeathers.Ifthepterosaurswalkedonallfours,thethreeshortfingersmayhavebeenemployedforgrasping.Whenapterosaurwalkedorremainedstationary,thefourthfinger,andwithitthewing,couldonlyturnupwardinanextendedinvertedVshapealongeachsideoftheanimal’sbody.
Thepterosaursresembledbothbirdsandbatsintheiroverallstructureandproportions.Thisisnotsurprisingbecausethedesignofanyflyingvertebrateissubjecttoaerodynamicconstraints.Boththepterosaursandthebirdshavehollowbones,afeaturethatrepresentsasavingsinweight.Inthebirds,however,thesebonesarereinforcedmoremassivelybyinternalstruts.
Althoughscalestypicallycoverreptiles,thepterosaursprobablyhadhairycoats.T.H.Huxleyreasonedthatflyingvertebratesmusthavebeenwarm-bloodedbecauseflyingimpliesahighrateofmetabolism,whichinturnimpliesahighinternaltemperature.Huxleyspeculatedthatacoatofhairwouldinsulateagainstlossofbodyheatandmightstreamlinethebodytoreducedraginflight.Therecentdiscoveryofapterosaurspecimencoveredinlong,dense,andrelativelythickhairlikefossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.
Effortstoexplainhowthepterosaursbecameairbornehaveledtosuggestionsthattheylaunchedthemselvesbyjumpingfromcliffs,bydroppingfromtrees,orevenbyrisingintolightwindsfromthecrestsofwaves.Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties.Thefirstwronglyassumesthatthepterosaurs’hindfeetresembledabat’sandcouldserveashooksbywhichtheanimalcouldhanginpreparationforflight.Thesecondhypothesisseemsunlikelybecauselargepterosaurscouldnothavelandedintreeswithoutdamagingtheirwings.Thethirdcallsforhighwavestochannelupdrafts.Thewindthatmadesuchwaveshowever,mighthavebeentoostrongforthepterosaurstocontroltheirflightonceairborne.
1.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatscientistnowgenerallyagreethatthe
[A]enormouswingspanofthepterosaursenabledthemtoflygreatdistances.
[B]structureoftheskeletonofthepterosaurssuggestsacloseevolutionaryrelationshiptobats.
[C]fossilremainsofthepterosaursrevealhowtheysolvedtheproblemofpoweredflight.
[D]pterosaurswerereptiles.
2.Theauthorviewstheideathatthepterosaursbecameairbornebyrisingintolightwindscreatedbywavesas
[A]revolutionary.
[B]unlikely.
[C]unassailable.
[D]probable.
3.Accordingtothetext,theskeletonofapterosaurcanbedistinguishedfromthatofabirdbythe
[A]sizeofitswingspan.
[B]presenceofhollowspacesinitsbones.
[C]anatomicoriginofitswingstrut.
[D]presenceofhooklikeprojectionsonitshindfeet.
4.TheideasattributedtoT.H.Huxleyinthetextsuggestthathewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?
[A]Ananimal’sbrainsizehaslittlebearingonitsabilitytomastercomplexbehaviors.
[B]Ananimal’sappearanceisofteninfluencedbyenvironmentalrequirementsandphysicalcapabilities.
[C]Animalswithinagivenfamilygroupareunlikelytochangetheirappearancedramaticallyoveraperiodoftime.
[D]Theoriginofflightinvertebrateswasanaccidentaldevelopmentratherthantheoutcomeofspecializationoradaptation.
5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthetext?
[A]Newevidenceisintroducedtosupportatraditionalpointofview.
[B]Threeexplanationsforaphenomenonarepresentedandeachisdisputedbymeansofspecificinformation.
[C]Threehypothesesareoutlinedandevidencesupportingeachisgiven.
[D]Recentdiscoveriesaredescribedandtheirimplicationsforfuturestudyareprojected.
[答案与考点解析]
1.【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。
该题的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根据本句的内容即可得出本题的正确答案是D。
考生要加强对题干的理解和认识，并且要善于找到原文和题干相吻合之处，否则就会失去解题思路。
2.【答案】B
【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系题型。
本题的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒数第一、二句。
从尾段的第二句“Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties”（每种假设都有缺陷）可以判断：
作者认为“从浪尖上伴轻风飞起”是不可能的。
考生要加强对句子之间语意关系的理解。
3.【答案】C
【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。
其答案信息在第三段。
题干中问翼龙和鸟类骨骼方面的“不同”。
原文第三段中涉及两者相同与不同。
第三段的尾句暗示本题的正确答案是C。
考生在解题时应加强审题定位的能力。
4.【答案】B
【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。
本题的正确答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。
这三句话的内容暗示本题的正确答案是B，即动物的外型通常受环境要求和生理能力的影响。
考生在解题时应注意提高对原文信息的归纳推导能力。
5.【答案】B
【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构识别题。
尾段的第一句对所谈现象提出了三种解释，然后针对每一种解释进行科学上的否定。
可见本题的正确答案是B。
考生在复习中应该加强对段落结构的识别能力。
[参考译文]
第一批会飞的脊椎动物——翼龙的化石，已经让古生物学家感兴趣达两个多世纪了。
这种有时和大型滑翔机一样重，而且翅膀展开达8—12米宽的庞然大物是如何克服飞行时的重力，以及这种生物到底是属于鸟类还是爬行动物，对科学家们来讲仍旧是个谜。
可能，最少引起争论的意见就是翼龙是爬行动物。
它们的头盖骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行动物类型。
对它们翅膀的解剖学研究证明它们尚未进化为鸟。
翼龙每个前肢的大大延长的第四指支撑一个翅膀状的薄膜，其它指头小，而且是典型的爬行动物式，有尖爪。
而鸟类的第二指进化成为翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛构成的。
当翼龙四肢爬行时，其它指可以用来抓取。
而当它行走或不动时，第四指，连同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身体两侧呈倒转的V字型。
翼龙和鸟类以及蝙蝠在总体结构及比例上很相似。
这并不奇怪，因为任何飞翔脊椎动物都要受空气动力的约束。
翼龙和鸟都有中空的骨头，这是为了节省重量。
不过在鸟类中，这种骨头受内部支柱影响，重量大大增加。
尽管爬行动物通常全身鳞片，翼龙却可能拥有毛发。
赫胥黎对此解释说，飞翔脊椎动物肯定已经是热血动物，因为飞翔要求一个高新陈代谢率，后者要求一个较高的体温。
赫氏设想一层毛发覆盖物可以隔绝身体热量的损失，从而使身体在减轻飞行重量方面更为有效。
最近一些有又长又密且厚的毛发的翼龙化石的发现，终于明白无误地证明赫氏的观点是对的。
解释翼龙怎样起飞的努力产生以下设想：
它们从悬崖上起跳，或从树上起跳或者甚至从浪尖上伴轻风飞起。
每种假设都有缺陷。
第一种错误地设想翼龙的后爪象蝙蝠一样，钩子似的挂着为飞行做准备。
第二种看来也不可能，因为大型翼龙不可能降在树上而不伤害它们的翅膀。
第三种假设必须要有高浪来形成上升气流才能实现。
然而，能产生此种大浪的风可能对翼龙来说过于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就无法控制自己。
Model2[考古学类]
题目序号
题型归类
第1题
中心主旨题型
第2题
细节推导题型
第3题
句间关系题型
第4题
审题定位题型
第5题
细节推导题型
Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajorproblems.First,itisthepoorestofthepoor.Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingandevenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresultsandpreservingthesitesonceexcavated.Yetarchaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.Second,thereistheproblemofillegalexcavation,resultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothehighestbidder.
Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.Iwouldproposethatscientificarcheologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.Atthesametime,theywouldbreaktheillegalexcavator’sgriponthemarket,therebydecreasingtheinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.
Youmightobjectthatprofessionalsexcavatetoacquireknowledge,notmoney.Moreover,ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailableforalltoappreciate,notsoldtothehighestbidder.Iagree.Sellnothingthathasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalue.But,youmightreply,everythingthatcomesoutofthegroundhasscientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.Theoretically,youmaybecorrectinclaimingthateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically,youarewrong.
Irefertothethousandsofpotteryvesselsandancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesofoneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.Evenpreciousroyalsealimpressionsknownasmelekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance—morethan4,000examplessofar.
Thebasementsofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds;asaresult,theycannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.Indeed,withthehelpofacomputer,soldartifactscouldbemoreaccessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulgingmuseumbasements.Priortosale,eachcouldbephotographedandthelistofthepurchaserscouldbemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercouldevenberequiredtoagreetoreturnthepieceifitshouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.
Itwouldbeunrealistictosuggestthatillegaldiggingwouldstopifartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket.Butthedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.Whowouldwantanunmarkedpotwhenanotherwasavailablewhoseprovenancewasknown,andthatwasdatedstratigraphicallybytheprofessionalarchaeologistwhoexcavatedit?
1.Theprimarypurposeofthetextistopropose
[A]analternativetomuseumdisplayofartifacts.
[B]awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthearchaeologicalprofession.
[C]awaytodistinguishartifactswithscientificvaluefromthosethathavenosuchvalue.
[D]thegovernmentalregulationofarchaeologicalsites.
2.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthetextasadisadvantageofstoringartifactsinmuseumbasements?
[A]Museumofficialsrarelyallowscholarsaccesstosuchartifacts.
[B]Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayistakenupforstorage.
[C]Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoftenbecomeseparatedfromeachother.
[D]Suchartifacts’oftenremainuncataloguedandthuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputinstorage.
3.Theautho
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